GENSCI FINAL 2ND QUARTER

Chemistry

study of matter, its properties, composition, and the change it undergoes

Biochemistry

biological processes

Physical Chemistry

principles and measurements

Inorganic Chemistry

minerals, metals, non-living matter

Organic Chemistry

carbon compounds

Analytical Chemistry

composition and structure of substances

Microbiology

study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Aerobic

requires oxygen

Anaerobic

does not require oxygen

Catabolic Metabolism

breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones

Anabolic Metabolism

building up of complex substances from simpler ones

Louis Pasteur

• Father of Microbiology

• 1822-1895

• “Benefactor of Humanity”

• his discoveries form the foundation of microbiology and modern medicine

Professor Balard in 1846

Louis Pasteur became his laboratory assistant

Crystallography 1847

study of molecular structure of crystals

Molecular Asymmetry

discovered some compounds (like tartrate) exist in mirror-image crystal forms

recognize chirality and 3d molecular structure

Monsieur Bigo

was an industrialist who owned a distillery in 1856, producing alcohol from sugar beet, which became famous because he hired Louis Pasteur to solve fermentation issues when his sugar beet vats acidified instead of producing alcohol.

Fermentation

• results from microorganisms metabolism

• alcohol is the waste product of this

Rebuttal of Spontaneous Generation 1859

• swan neck flask by Antoine Ballard

• Louis Pasteur called this “chimera” or illusion

Germ Theory 1861

microorganisms are everywhere

Robert Koch

discovered what causes anthrax

Louis Pasteur

discovered the vaccine for anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

bacteria that causes anthrax

Pasteurization

heating of food for several minutes between 55-60C to kill harmful microorganisms

Jean-Baptiste Dumian

he called Louis Pasteur because the silk industry in deteriorating

Silk nosema disease and flacherie

illness that Louis Pasteur discovered from the silkworms

Hygiene and aseptic techniques

vital for preventing infections

Vaccine

help the body develop immunity to a specific disease

Fowl cholera

• first experimental vaccine

• small exposure had worked as a vaccine against the actual sickness

Anthrax

Louis Pasteur use a weakened virus and vaccinated 25 sheeps

vaccinated = alive

not vaccinated = dead

Rabies

• disease following a bite by a rabid animal

• uses rabbits spinal cord

Joseph Meister

first vaccinated for rabies on March 1, 1886

Joseph Lister

study of antisepsis

Antisepsis

method of using chemical to destroy germs that cause infections

Alexander Fleming

discovered Penicillin

mould juice = penicillin

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

they won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine with Alexander Fleming

physical change

change in shape, size, or physical state of matter but not its composition

chemical change

change in the composition of matter as a result due to chemical reaction

physical change

• change of phases or states

• dissolution process 

• change in physical properties

chemical change

• formation of new substances 

• evolution of gas (formation of bubbles) 

• change in temperature 

• evolution of energy

chemical reaction

a process where reactants are transformed into other substances called products

indication of chemical reaction

• change in color 

• change in temperature

• formation of an odor

• formation of a gas

• formation of a solid/precipitate

chemical equation

• is a written representation of a chemical reaction

• chemical reactions are represented by this 

  • left = reactants 

  • right = products

separates reactants or products

separates reactants from products; produces, forms, yields

reversible reactions

substance is in solid state

substance is in liquid state

substance is in gaseous state

substance is in aqueous state

evolution of gas instead of (g)

formation of precipitate instead of (s)

application of heat

catalyst used in the reaction

combination reaction

• synthesis reaction 

• involves 2 or more reactants forming a single product

• A + B > AB

A + B > AB

combination reaction

decomposition reaction

• reverse of combination reaction 

• compound is broken down into two smaller substances 

• may be initiated by heat, light, electricity of catalysts

• AB > A + B

AB > A + B

decomposition reaction

monoatomi

carbonates

are decomposed to carbon dioxide (CO2) and metal oxide

chlorates

are decomposed to oxygen gas (O2) and metal chloride

single replacement reaction

• an element replaces another element in a compound

• the reaction yields a compound and a replaced element

A + BC > AC + B

single replacement reaction

double replacement reaction

• occurs when two compounds react to from two new compounds 

• the reactants are ionic compounds that simply exchange ion partners

• AB + CD > AD + CB

AB + CD > AD + CB

• double replacement reaction

• AC are positive ions, BD are negative ions

combustion reaction

• when fuels (hydrocarbon) reacts in the presence of oxygen gas (O2) producing an immense amount of energy causing its products, carbon dioxide and water, coexist in steam from creating smoke

CH + O2 > CO2 + H2O

combustion reaction

solution

• homogenous mixture of two or more substances 

• composed of solute and solvent

solute

minor component

solvent

major component

solid solutions

• solvent is in solid state 

• mostly found in alloys 

liquid solutions

• solvent is in liquid state

gaseous solutions

• solvent is in gas state

globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals ghs

classifies chemicals based on the type of hazard they pose with the use of universally recognized symbols

oxidizers

flammable

explosives

acutely toxic (severe)

burns skin

gases under pressure

carcinogen

toxic to aquatic environment

acutely toxic (harmful)

Sodium hypochlorite

• NaClO

• acts as a disinfectant, bleaching agent, and oxidizer

• kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi

• releases toxic chlorine gas when mixed with acids or ammonia

Sodium hydroxide

• NaOH

• stabilizer that maintains high pH to keep sodium hypochlorite stable and effective

• corrosive

• harmful if inhaled or ingested

  
  

Water

• H2O

• solvent

• dilutes the bleach to a safe and usable concentration 

• generally safe 

• no harmful effects unless contaminated

Sodium bicarbonate

• NaHCO₃

• baking soda

• acts as a leavening agent that releases carbon dioxide when heated or mixed with acid

Sodium hydroxide

• NaOH

• reacts with fats or oils during saponification to produce soap and glycerol

Fatty acids or oils

• react with sodium hydroxide to form soap molecules (cleansing agents)

• natural and biodegradeable 

• moisturize the skin

  
  

Glycerol

• By-product of saponification

• Acts as a humectant that retains skin moisture

Sodium chloride

• NaCl

Fragrance compounds

Water

• H2O

• Acts as a solvent in soap-making

Preservatives

• Prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life

Surfactants

• Enhance foaming and cleaning power by reducing surface tension

Sulfate

• Create lather

• Reduce surface tension of water

• Lift away dirt, oil, and product buildup from the hair and scalp

Cocamidopropyl betaine

• Milder cleansing

• Stabilizes foam 

• Reduces irritation from stronger surfactants

• used to make products “tear free” and gentler on the scalp

  
  

Department of Trade and Industry

• through Consumer Protection and Advocacy Bureau (CPAB)

  • Promotes fair trade practices 

  • Ensures product safety 

  • Empowers Filipino consumers to make informed choices

Republic act no. 7394

• Consumer Act of the Philippines

  • Protect consumers from health and safety hazards 

  • Protect consumers from deceptive and unfair business practices 

  • Provide information and education 

  • Provide adequate rights and means of redress 

  • Include consumer representatives in policy-making

Food and drug administration

To ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of health products

Republic act no. 9711

• Food and Drug Administration Act of 2009

  • Renamed the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

  • Strengthened and enhanced the regulatory capacity of FDA