WATER: FINAL EXAM

GOODLUCK AND GOD BLESS SA EXAM!!

Water Treatment

Process of removing contaminants from raw water.

Water Purification

Another term for water treatment.

Undesirable Contaminants

Chemicals and materials harmful to water quality.

Raw Water

Untreated water sourced from natural environments.

Groundwater Sources

Water sourced from underground aquifers.

Surface Water Sources

Water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.

Pollution Sources

Sources of contamination affecting water quality.

Chlorination Facilities

Systems used to disinfect water from pathogens.

Preliminary Treatment

Initial process to remove large debris from water.

Screening

Process of removing large solids from water inflow.

Coarse Screens

Screens that exclude large materials, spaced 5-15 cm.

Fine Screens

Screens that block smaller materials, spaced 5-20 mm.

Aeration

Process to remove dissolved substances from water.

Technical Ability

Skills required to operate water treatment facilities.

Financial Capacity

Users' ability to afford water treatment services.

Acceptable Standards

Quality benchmarks for safe drinking water.

Turbidity

Cloudiness in water caused by suspended particles.

Pathogenic Organisms

Microbes that can cause disease in humans.

Bacterial Load

Concentration of bacteria present in water.

Algae

Aquatic organisms that can degrade water quality.

Sedimentation

Process of settling out solids from water.

Natural Methods of Treatment

Using natural processes to purify water.

Complex Treatment Processes

Advanced methods required for heavily contaminated water.

Septic Tank Contamination

Pollution from improperly managed waste systems.

Pre-sedimentation

Allows water to settle before main treatment.

Pre-chlorination

Adds chlorine before main treatment process.

Aeration

Increases contact time of water and air.

Gravity Aerator

Water flows over steps or weirs.

Spray Aerator

Sprays water in a ventilated tank.

Diffuser Aerator

Uses baffles to extend water travel.

Mechanical Aerator

Introduces air bubbles using a device.

Taste and Odor Removal

Targets dissolved gases like hydrogen sulfide.

Iron and Manganese Removal

Oxidation process to eliminate these metals.

Coagulation

Removes suspended particles using chemicals.

Flocculation

Gently stirs water to form larger flocs.

Flocculation Basin

Compartmentalized chamber for floc growth.

Sedimentation

Suspended materials settle by gravity.

Detention Time

Calculated as Volume/Flow rate (Q).

Sedimentation Tank Design

Dimensions based on required detention time.

Inlet Design

Reduces entrance velocity for uniform flow.

Outlet Design

Uses weirs to prevent solid re-suspension.

Slow Sand Filtration

Simple method using a sand bed.

Rapid Sand Filtration

Faster method for purifying water.

Filtration Process

Passes water through granular material beds.

Suspended Impurities Removal

95 to 98% removed by sand filtration.

Underdrains

Collects water after passing through sand.

Slow Sand Filtration

Uses a slimy layer to filter water.

Sludge

Layer of bacteria and plants in filtration.

Bacterial Count Reduction

Reduces bacteria by 85% to 99%.

Turbidity Reduction

Reduces turbidity by 90% or more.

Pre-sedimentation Facility

Required if turbidity exceeds 50 mg/l.

Sand Size

Uses 0.1-0.3mm sand for filtration.

Uniformity Coefficient

Ratio of D60 to D10 for sand.

Effective Size (D10)

Sieve size allowing 10% sand to pass.

Filtration Rate

Slow sand filters have low filtration rates.

Underdrains

Perforated pipes collect filtrate from filters.

Rapid Sand Filtration

Higher filtration rate than slow sand filters.

Pressure Filtration

Water passes through sand under pressure.

Disinfection

Process of killing disease-causing bacteria.

Disinfectants

Chemicals used to kill bacteria in water.

Boiling

Kills bacteria by boiling water for 15-20 minutes.

Ultraviolet Rays

Water passes through UV light for disinfection.

Ultrasonic Technology

Uses sound waves to kill microorganisms.

Chlorination

Addition of chlorine to disinfect water.

Ozone Treatment

Expensive method, leaves no taste or odor.

Potassium Permanganate

Used for disinfecting private water sources.

Excess Lime Treatment

Requires long detention time for effectiveness.

Chlorine Dosage

Normal dosage is 0.8 mg/lit/hour.

Water Code of the Philippines

Consolidates laws governing water resources usage.

State Ownership of Water

All water resources are owned by the State.

Water Use Permits

Government-issued permits required for water usage.

Domestic Water Use Priority

Domestic use prioritized over agriculture and industry.

National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

Regulates water use and resolves conflicts.

Prohibited Acts

Unauthorized water diversion and pollution are illegal.

Groundwater Over-extraction

Excessive groundwater withdrawal causing depletion.

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Protects water bodies from pollution and promotes management.

DENR's Role

Oversees implementation of water quality management.

Water Quality Standards

Ensures safety for potable and non-potable uses.

Sewage Treatment Integration

Encourages sewage facilities in urban water planning.

Conservation Promotion

Encourages proper use and conservation of water.

Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA)

Develops and manages rural water supply systems.

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)

Manages water and wastewater in Metro Manila.

Water Resource Allocation

NWRB allocates water rights and promotes sustainability.

Environmental Preservation Projects

Development projects must align with environmental goals.

Stakeholder Participation

Encourages involvement in water quality management.

Water Supply Quality Assurance

Ensures systems meet quality standards for safety.

Water Resource Conservation

Promotes long-term availability of water sources.

Water Pollution Prevention

Aims to control and abate water pollution.

Waterworks Infrastructure Protection

Prevents destruction of essential water infrastructure.

Water Resource Management Framework

Institutional framework for managing water resources.

Local Government Units (LGUs)

Manage localized water supply and sanitation services.

Community-Based Water Associations

Support grassroots-level management of water systems.

Water Permit

Legal authorization to use water resources.

National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

Regulatory body overseeing water resource management.

Domestic Water Use Exemption

Household use on private land does not require permits.

Water Availability Factors

Considered when granting water permits.

Non-Transferable Permits

Water permits cannot be transferred to others.

Well Drilling Permit

Required for constructing wells to prevent over-extraction.

Over-Extraction Prohibition

Preventing aquifer depletion and land subsidence.

Water Pricing Oversight

NWRB ensures affordable water services for consumers.