Microbiology Cellular Structures and Viral Properties Flashcards

A complete vocabulary review deck covering cellular structures of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses, and eukaryotic microorganisms from the lecture notes.

Plasma membrane (Prokaryotes)

Controls what enters and leaves the cell; helps maintain homeostasis.

Cytoplasm (Prokaryotes)

Jelly-like interior where many metabolic reactions occur.

Ribosomes

Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that make proteins and serve as sites of protein synthesis.

DNA / Chromosome

Contains genetic information and instructions for the cell; directs all genetics and heredity.

Cell wall

Provides shape and protection; semirigid casing that prevents bursting.

Capsule / slime layer

Helps cells stick to surfaces and protects against drying out and immune defenses; coating external to the cell wall.

Flagella

Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a rotating filament for movement.

Fimbriae

Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in attachment to surfaces and other cells.

Pili

Appendage used for attachment and, in some bacteria, drawing another bacteria close to transfer DNA.

Endospore

Survival structure and dormant body formed within some bacteria that protects against extreme/adverse conditions.

Plasmids

Small circular DNA molecules that can carry extra genes, such as antibiotic resistance.

Inclusions

Store nutrients/materials such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles for later use.

Plasma membrane (Eukaryotes)

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell; composed of $70\text{\%}$ $\text{H}_2\text{O}$.

Nucleus

Stores and protects the cell's DNA.

Golgi apparatus

Packages and exports products made in a cell.

Mitochondria

Site of ATP synthesis.

Lysosome

Breaks down macromolecules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous network where Rough ER handles protein synthesis and Smooth ER handles lipid synthesis and metabolism.

Vacuoles

Store nutrients, manage waste, and maintain structure.

Chloroplasts

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis; found in algae and plants.

Cilia

Structures for movement or moving material across the cell surface.

Glycocalyx

Polysaccharide structure important for avoiding immune clearance, protection, and adherence.

Sterol

Molecules that help stabilize the membrane in eukaryotes.

Capsid

Protein coat that protects the viral genetic material.

Envelope (Viruses)

Lipid membrane surrounding some viruses that helps with entry into host cells.

Matrix proteins

Help organize the virus and connect the envelope with the capsid.

Viral enzymes

Help the virus replicate or process its genetic material.

S-Layer

Monolayer of protein used for protection and/or attachment in some bacteria.

Outer Membrane

Extra phospholipid bilayer membrane containing LPS found in some bacteria that controls flow of material.

Actin cytoskeleton

Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell in cytoplasm and contribute to the shape of the cell.

Saprobes

Decomposers, such as fungi.

Mycoses

Fungal infections.

Conidia

Spore-producing structures found in molds.

Trophozoite

The active eating form of protozoa.

Cysts

The dormant/waiting form of protozoa.

Cestodes

Tapeworms characterized by long segments and suckers.

Trematodes

Flukes characterized by a flat oval shape.