liturgy final: short terms

הילכך נימרינהו לכולהו/לתרוויהו

when rabbis were combining different rites, “therefore we say all of them.” relates to scholarly disagreement Fleisher (Amidah was fixed in Yavneh) vs Heinemen (it’s fluid) debate. Proves it has always been fluid because now it includes more things

ברכה הסמוכה לחברתה

blessing that is attached to its prior blessing. ex: “Baruch ata” already was in Yotzer Or, so you don’t need it in Ahavah Raba (in the context of Shema)

You don’t have to repeat the blessing

חתימה מעין פתיחה

ending of blessing aligned with beginning. the opening and ending of a bracha of the amidah have to match, but the middle can be something else

פיוט

liturgical poetry, supplements standard text. originated in EY in 4th or 5th century. establishment hated piyyutim

pre classical piyyut

anonymous, no rhyne, four-access stress pattern, Yose ben Yose, no metaphors

Classical piyyut

exceedingly complex; signed by authors in acrostics and often includes intricate rhymes and metaphors. Yannai (first to sign his name) and Elazar beRabbi Quillir

Late piyyut

different centers with different aesthetics like italy and ashkenaz.

קרובה

type of piyyut but used in the amidah. 2 types: שבעתא and קדושתא

שבעתא

one type of kerovah with seven blessings said during musaf. complex ones for RH, YK, Pesach, etc

קדושתא

type of piyyut adorning the amidah. originally meant to be said whenever the kedushah was recited, but now in some communities only said during shabbat shacharit and some holidays.

סילוק

piyyut said before the kedushah (like unetaneh tokef)

יוצרות

piyyut adorning blessings of kriyat shemah. appears at beginning of Yotzer Or

קינה

type of lamentation piyyut said on Tisha B’av said in “boneh yerushalayim” bracha of the amidah on Tisha B’av. One example is az bihatainu, the zodiac piyyut that we looked at (Temple as the center of the universe). Famous author: Elazar Berabi Kalir

סליחה

a piyyut (like a kinnah) expressing repentance, said during Elul and High Holidays Slichot are more specific than kinnot. Babylonian genre.

תקיעתות

On RH, we add Zichronot, Malchuyot, Shofarot to the Amidah. Tekiyatot are piyyutim adorning these extra blessings.

סדר העבודה

Piyyutim on Yom Kippur, recalling sacrifice on Yom Kippur. Ex: Mareh Kohen. Order: reshuyot (beginning), seder beriyot (history of the world culminating in High Priest’s service in Temple), selichot. Yose ben Yose wrote them but didn’t sign his name.

יוסי בן יוסי

The only known pre-classical payetan, no acrostic, no rhyme, 5th century. anonymous. wrote seder ha’avodah.

יניי

famous classical paytan from 6th century, first to sign his name in an acrostic. From EY

אלעזר בירבי קליר

famous paytan from 7th century, wrote kinnot, from EY. Talked about Christian and then Muslim rule in EY (saw the Arab Conquest). early stuff went to Ashkenaz; signifies break btwn Ashkenazi and EY Jews

פסוקי דזמרה

series of tehillim like hallel said before shacharit. does not appear in EY rite

החילוקים שבין אנשי מזרח ובני ארץ ישראל

Journalistic work about differences between rabbinic Jews in Bavel and EY. Likely written by a Karaite in early Geonic period to disprove Rabbinic Judaism

פירקוי בן בבוי

Anti piyyut (8th century); wrote to Jews of Spain/N Africa saying Babylonian rite is better. Ex: EY only said Kedushah on Shabbat but Pakoy ben Baboy thought they should say it always

סדר רב עמרם גאון

Geonic Siddur 9th century; basis for many rites. first extensive monograph on Jewish prayer. His responsa were added to over the centuries.

סידור רס״ג

10th century, Judeo-Arabic, liked piyyutim but didn’t like the diversity of Jewish prayer so aimed to standardize it.

מחזור ויטרי 

Ashkenazi outline of the prayers, 11th-12th century fom the Rashi school, Etiology (origin story) of a prayer

The Dead Sea Scrolls

Bridges the gap between Biblical discussions of prayer and rabbinic. Esther Chazon identifies the problems in studying fragmentary texts and defining boundary between prayer and other genres. Sarason: Qumran and rabbinic prayer share themes, etc but this is likely because they are influenced by psalms or rabbinic prayer

The Apostilic Constitutions

A Greek “Church Order,” end of 4th century. Basically Amidah but with Jesus in in its 7th book. Helps us see that the weekday probably wasn’t the original because of the overlap

“Prayers before the Prayers”

Birkot HaShachar, Torah study blessings, psukei. Study and preparation for the day, marking transition from sleep. saying birkat hatorah symbolizes studying torah all day