103 Exam 1 Review

What are the 4 primary components of the upper airway?

Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Larynx

What are the 3 subsections of the Pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

What are the primary functions of the nost?

to filter, humidify, and warm the air coming in to the lungs

What are the 4 functions of the upper airway?

to conduct air, humidify and warm or cool inspired air, prevent foreign materials from entering tracheobronchial tree, and serves as important area involved in speech and smell

What is the structure that covers the opening of the larynx that protects airway during swallowing?

epiglottis

How many ribs are there and how are they separated?

Ribs 1-7 = true ribs, 8-10 = false ribs, 11-12 = floating ribs

What does it mean by false and floating ribs?

false ribs do not connect directly to the sternum but instead through cartilaginous strap; floating ribs are not attached to the sternum

Where in respiratory system are cilia completely absent?

alveoli

Around how many alveoli are present in the adult male lungs?

~ 300 million

How many segmental bronchi are found in each lung?

right = 10; left = 8-10

Which alveolar cells are considered to be the source of pulmonary surfactant?

Type II cells

What are Pores of Kohn?

tiny openings in the alveolar walls that permit gas exchange between alveoli

What is the uppermost portion of the lung called?

apex

What makes up the mediastinum?

contains the trachea, heart, esophagus, and major blood vessels (cavity of organs between the lungs)

What is the pleural cavity and 2 linings that line it?

it is a space between the visceral and parietal pleura

What does the visceral and parietal pleura line?

the visceral pleura lines the lungs while the parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity

What is the main function of pulmonary surfactant?

to reduce surface tension of fluid in the alveoli

What is anatomical deadspace?

air in conducting airways that never reaches gas-exchange surfaces and does not participate in gas exchange

What is a Alveolar Deadspace?

when an alveolus is ventilated but not perfused with pulmonary capillary blood

What is lung compliance?

how much air the lungs will accommodate for a given change in pressure

How does increase and decrease in Lung Compliance result in?

when increased = the lungs accept a greater volume of gas per unit of pressure change

when decreased = the lungs accept a smaller volume of gas per unit of pressure change

Which pulmonary disorder results secondary to left ventricular failure?

pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension

Which of the following conditions is associated with right heart failure?

cor pulmonale

How does hypoxia affect the pulmonary capillary bed and pulmonary vascular resistance?

Hypoxia leads to vasoconstriction of the pulmonary capillary bed, increasing pulmonary vascular resistance and decreasing blood flow

What is the difference between diffusion of CO2 and O2 and they rates of diffusion of the two compare?

the diffusion of CO2 is more rapid due to the higher solubility and a rate of around 20 times faster than O2

What things can affect airway resistance R_aw?

pressure difference between mouth and alveoli (transrespiratory pressure) and airway diameter

How much CO2 is produced by an adult during breathing?

200 mL CO2/min

What are some diseases that can limit rate of gas diffusion?

atelectasis and emphysema

What is the affinity of Hb for CO compared to affinity of O2?

200 times greater for CO than O2

What is the space called between the true vocal cords?

glottis

In the upright position, which portion of the lungs have the most negative pleural pressure?

the apex (top)

How does the normal adult’s respiratory pattern change when lung compliance decreases?

increased RR and decreased tidal volume