KNH 411 Exam 1

weight(lbs)/height(in)² x 703

how is BMI calculated in US units?

weight(kg)/height(m)²

how is BMI calculated in metric units?

106lbs for 5ft + 6 lbs for every inch over 5ft

how do calculate ideal body weight for men? (hamwi method)

100lbs for 5ft + 5 lbs for every inch over 5ft

how do calculate ideal body weight for women? (hamwi method)

cardiovascular conditions that nutrition can impact

-hypertension

-lipid metabolism

-ischemic heart disease

-congestive heart failure

primary

_______ hypertension has no clear cause, makes up 85-95% of cases

secondary

___________ hypertension is caused by an identifiable underlying condition, such as renal artery stenosis, hyperaldosteronism, or hyper/hypothyroidism

focus on

foods to _________ in DASH diet

-fruits, vegetables, whole grains

-fat-free/low-fat dairy products

-fish, poultry, beans, nuts, vegetable oil

-foods rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, fiber, and protein

limit

_______ these foods in the DASH diet:

-high in saturated or trans fats

-fatty meats

-full-fat dairy products

-tropical oil, such as coconut, palm kernel, or palm oils

-sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets

-sodium

lipid panel

blood test that tests total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides

chylomicrons

“the packaging" and transport of digested food; 85-90% triglycerides; enters circulation through lymphatic system; lipoprotein lipase breaks down chylomicron; remnant returns to liver

ApoB

lipid lab; cholesterol carrier; tests long-term heart disease risk; includes liporoptein B; if this is high but LDL is normal, means there is a higher potential to carry more LDL over time

Lp(a)

lipid lab; cholesterol carrier; amount of this is genetic; high lab value increases risk for heart disease

-statin

medication that targets LDL cholesterol and lowers it; typically this is the ending of the medication name; can cause muscle pain and breakdown

18.5

the underweight category for BMI is less than ______

healthy weight

the ___________ category for BMI is 18.5-24.9

overweight

the __________ category for BMI is 25.0-29.9

obesity

the ________ category for BMI is 30.0-39.9

40

the severe obesity category for BMI is ________ or higher

200

a healthy total cholesterol level is below ______

HDL

a healthy ________ cholesterol level is 40-80 for males and 50-80 for females

LDL

a healthy _______ cholesterol is below 100

atherosclerosis

high cholesterol, which leads to plaque buildup in the arteries; could result in CAD, PAD, stroke, or MI

ischemic heart disease

heart muscle is receiving inadequate blood flow because of CAD; can lead to angina or MI

congestive heart failure

heart cannot pump effectively; can be caused by CAD/MI, valvular disease, HTN, congenital disease, cardiomyopathy; can be tested by ejection fraction lab; sodium and fluids should be limited

ejection fraction

test/lab that measures amount of blood pumped out of the heart

70

if you have atherosclerosis, LDL should be lower than _____ to avoid more buildup

55

if you have had a stroke or MI, LDL should be lower than _____ to avoid more buildup

repatha

an injection for if people do not want to take pills; lowers LDL cholesterol

GLP-1

_________ medications can be used to lower LDL cholesterol for anyone who has had a MI or stroke; also effective for heart disease

nutrition recommendations for elevated lipids or risk of heart disease

-avoid saturated fats

-limited added sugars

-add potassium, fiber, water, etc.

-limit sodium

-limit caffeine and alcohol

metabolic syndrome

a cluster of risk factors that greatly increase a person’s risk of CVD, type II diabetes, and stroke

metabolic syndrome criteria

-BP at or over 130/85

-HDL<40 mg/dL in men, HDL<50 mg/dL in women

-waist circumference>40 in for men; >35 in for women

-TG at or over 150 mg/dL

-fasting BG over 100 mg/dL

3

to meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome, a person must meet at least _____ of the 5 criteria

mediterranean

other than the DASH diet, the ___________ diet is also good for cardiac health; it is inspired by the traditional foods of countries bordering the mediterranean sea, and is plant-forward and flexible

mediterranean diet

-lots of plant foods (veg, fruit, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains)

-health fats (olive oil is the main source!!!)

-fish and other seafood mostly, some poultry, eggs, and dairy

-limit red meat

-limit processed foods (sugary drinks, added sugars, refined grains, processed meats)

VLDL

a type of “bad” cholesterol made by the liver that carries triglycerides to body tissues; healthy range is less than 30 mg/dL

myocardial infarction

aka a heart attack; happens when blood flow to part of the heart muscle suddenly stops or drops too low, causing tissue damage or death

STEMI

a severe MI caused by total blockage in a coronary artery

NSTEMI

a serious MI caused by a partial blockage that severely reduces blood flow

vasopressors

can cause hyperglycemia, which is managed differently in acute stress, and impaired blood perfusion to GI tract if dose is too high; risk for bowel perforation

ventricular assist devices (VADs)

can cause early satiety, nausea, or infection; pumps blood for person, takes over for ventricle

ECMO

connects to veins or arteries; supports lungs and potentially heart if connected to arteries; typically requires EN or PN support and diet progression

food/nutrition history

assessment criteria: includes dietary intake, supplements, eating patterns

anthropometrics

assessment criteria: includes weight, height, and BMI

biochemical data

assessment criteria: includes labs

nutrition-focused physical findings

assessment criteria: includes GI symptoms, muscle/fat loss, and edema

client background

assessment criteria: includes culture, finances, and lifestyle

nutrition interventions

-food and/or nutrient delivery

-nutrition counseling

-nutrition education

-coordination of nutrition care

-personalized recommendations/prescriptions

problem, etiology, signs and symptoms

what does PES stand for?

problem

PES statements: use standardized language; identifies specific nutrition problem that the dietitian is responsible for treating and works toward resolving; domains include intake, clinical, or behavioral

etiology

PES statements: could be another nutrition diagnosis; the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition; should reflect “root cause" of nutrition diagnosis; your intervention should work to improve or resolve this; should be supported by nutrition assessment data

signs

PES statements: objective data obtained through direct physical examination, observation, lab values, and test results

symptoms

PES statements: subjective data reported by clients or families rather than actual results

format of PES statements

[problem] related to [etiology] as evidenced by [signs/symptoms]