Lifespan & Development Exam 1

Lifespan Development

Tracing physical, social, emotional, spiritual, and cognitive development from life to death

Oldest Age

122

Average Life Expectancy for Men

75

• More risky

• Refuse to see doctor

Average Life Expectancy for Women

80

• More educated

• See doctor

• Les risky

4 Ways We Measure Age

1. Chronological

2. Biological

3. Physiological

4. Social

Chronological

Number of years you have lived

Biological

Age of body/insides (taking better care of body) and lifestyle choices

Physiological

How old you think you are; how old you act

Social

Expectation at certain age; social influences

4 Major Issues in Development

1. Nature vs. Nuture

2. Early vs. Later Experiences

3. Continuity vs. Discontinuity

4. Individual Choice

Nature vs. Nuture

DNA (physical, pre-determined) vs. experiences (environment sets the tone)

Early vs. Later Experiences

No control (first 5 years) vs. Controlled experiences (conscious)

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Is development always happening vs. periodic

• Stop growing at 25

• Puberty is adolescence (10-12 girls) (11-13 boys)

Individual Choice

Regardless of experiences, you get to choose what defines me

Dynamic Systems

• Esther Thelen

  • Lifelong (always growing)

  • Multidimensional

  • Multidirectional (instincts fade, develop new ones)

  • Plastic: change & adapt (learn & unlearn)

  • Multidisciplinary

  • Multi-contextual (environment)

Erik Erickson

• Father of Developmental Theory

• THE SELF

• Stages of Development (8 stages)

• Each represents a unique developmental task

• Psychological ends of individual vs. conflicting needs of society

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infacy)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Toddler)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Pre-K)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (K-5)

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence/Middle School)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy (0-12 months)

1. Is the world a safe place?

2. Develop drive & Hope

3. Parents; feeding

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Toddler (1 year-3 year)

1. Can I be independent?

2. Self-control & Will

3. Parents; potty training

Initiative vs. Guilt

Pre-K (3 years-5 years)

1. Can I do it?

2. Purpose

3. Exploration

(Praise! → not correction after praise)

Industry vs. Inferiority

K-5

1. Can I achieve my goals and compete with other?

2. Method competence

3. School; teachers, coaches, parents, peers

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Middle School (adolescence)

1. Who am I?

2. Fidelity

3. Peers; social relationships

Two Distinct Rooms

1. Self

2. Relationships

(Women 10-12 & Men 11-13; stops at 24 to 25)

Secure sense of self

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young Adulthood

1. Can I commit?

2. Affiliation & Love

3. Peers, relationships

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle Adulthood (40-70)

1. Am I productive?

2. Production & Care

3. Family, colleagues, work, and parenthood

Integrity vs. Despair

Late Adulthood

1. What kind of life have I lived?

2. Wisdom & Acceptance

3. Life Review

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

1. Learn by observation of consequences of behavior for others

2. Learn from modeling important people in our lives (social media)

3. Learning from interpretation

Albert Bandura’s Learning Factors As We Develop

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Reproduction

4. Motivation

Female

• Ovaries mature eggs

• Women is born with all her eggs

• 28 day cycle

• Ovulation → egg is released

• Cilia move egg/fluid

• Conception takes place in fallopian tubes

• Zygote implants in wall of uterus

• Survival of the fittest

• Vagina is internal

• Vulva is external

• Female immune system tries to kill sperm

• Vagina is 5 inches long

Male

• Sperm is made in testicles; production

• Spermatogenesis- birth of sperm

• Testicles have tubing (1 mile long)

• 1200 sperm are made per second

• Epididymis- sperm hotel

• 34 days for sperm to mature

• 3 glands

  • Seminal Vesicle

  • Prostate gland

  • Cowper’s gland

• 10 or les will make the journey to the egg

• X tend to live longer, Y tend to be faster

250 million

____ sperm in 1 teaspoon of ejaculate

X

Tend to live longer

Y

Tend to be faster

3 Stages of Utero

1. Zygote

2. Embryo

3. Fetus

Zygote

• 46 chromosomes

• 23rd pair=sex

Embryo

• Most at risk during development

• Major organs form

• Teratogens- harmful substances (FAS, smoking, seafood)

• Greatest risk for miscarriage

Fetus

• Majority of the time

• Get enough nutrition

Fraternal (Dizygotic)

• 2 separate egg cells fertilized by 2 separate sperm cells

• Share about 50% of their genetic traits

Identical (Monozygotic)

• 1 sperm fertilizes 1 egg

• Share same genetic origins & DNA

• After conception, the zygote splits into 2 separate parts, creating 2 individual embryos

Pregnancy Trimesters

1. First (1-3 months)

2. Second (4-6 months)

3. Third (7-9 months)

3 Glands of Male

1. Seminal vesicle- 70%; alkaline, rich in sugar (is the “gas”)

2. Prostate gland- 29%; colored, alkaline

3. Cowper’s gland- mucus gland, coats duct of urethra

First Trimester

• Baby body structure & organs develop

• Mom feels nausea, fatigue, breast tenderness

Second Trimester

• Baby continues to grow

• Mom feels baby move 16-20 weeks; more energy, sleeps better

Third Trimester

• Baby bones, organs, and touch receptors developed, and function on own

  • Baby knows mom’s smell, dad can feel 1st trimester symptoms

Process of Labor

• Stage 1

  • THE CERVIX RELAXES, CAUSING IT TO DILATE AND THIN OUT

  • Baby’s lungs release trigger

  • Average labor time 26-28 hours for first baby

  • Uterine contraction

  • Dilation

  • Labor opens cervix

  • Effacement- really thick or thin

  • Womb to birth canal takes longest

• Stage 2

  • UTERINE CONTRACTIONS INCREASE IN STRENGTH AND THE INFANT IS DELIVERED

  • No time between contractions

  • Most intense and shortest stage

  • Baby is born during this phase

  • Women feel the need to push

• Stage 3

  • The placenta is expelled

Types of Childbirth and Delivery Methods

• Vaginal Delivery

• Caesarian Delivery

Vaginal Delivery

• Medicated and unmedicated

  • Suction cup

  • Forcepts

  • Pull out baby

• Epidural and spinal block

  • Slow labor down

• PIP (petocin) → have contractions

  • Don’t feel urge to push

Caesarian Delivery (C-section)

• Longer recovery

Genotype

Complete set of inherited traits

Phenotype

Expression of traits

Range of Reaction

Range → like height, eye color (impacted by environment)

Average Weight and Height of Baby

• 7 ½ lbs

• 20 in

  • Brain grows rapidly in fist year of life (25% to 75%)

Motor Skills

Lift head, turn head, reach for and grasp → in 1st month

Hearing & Vision & Communication

Prefers familiar & focus 8-12 inches away & cooing, crying, smiles

How much does a newborn sleep?

17-20 hours

Genetic Environment Correlations

1. Passive

2. Evocative

3. Active

Passive

Parents contribute genetics and environmental conditions

Ex: music always playing, parents good at music (don’t choose → born into it)

Evocative

Infant evokes reactions or responses from environment

Active

Child actively seeks environments related to genetic makeup

Ex.: finding environment where you shine

Developmental Red Flags

• Lack of Responsiveness

• Doesn’t Startle at Loud Noises

• Poor Eye Contact

• Doesn’t Follow Moving Objects

• Lack of Social Smile

• Constant Irritability (inconsolable)

• Head Lag

• Stiffness or Floppiness

• Feeding Difficulties