A&P Chapter 2 Study Guide

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

States of Matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Energy

Capacity to do work or put matter into motion

2 forms energy exist in

Kinetic

Potential

Kinetic

Energy in action

Potential

Stored (inactive) energy

Chemical

Electrical

Mechanical

Radiant or electromagnetic

What are the forms of energy

Chemical energy

Stored bonds of chemical substances

Electrical energy

Results from movement of charged particles

Mechanical energy

Directly involved in moving matter

Radiant or electromagnetic matter

Travels in waves

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

What four elements make up 96% of the body

Carbon

C

Oxygen

O

Hydrogen

H

Nitrogen

N

Sodium

Na

Calcium

Ca

Potassium

K

Iodine

I

Phosphorus

P

Iron

Fe

Magnesium

Mg

Protons

Positive charge (inside Nucleus)

Neutrons

No electrical charge (inside nucleus)

Electrons

Negative Charge (outside of nucleus)

Atomic number

Number of protons in nucleus

Mass number

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

Isotopes

Atomic numbers are same, but mass numbers different

Atomic weight

An average of all isotopes of an element

Radioisotopes

Isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

Molecule

Term for two or more atoms bonded

Compound

Has two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

- Solutions

- Colloids

- Suspensions

3 mixtures

Solutions

Evenly distributed together

Solvent

Usually liquid, such as water

Solute

Substance dissolved in solvent

Colloids/Emulsions

Are heterogeneous, not evenly distributed together

Suspensions

Heterogeneous mixtures that contain large visible solutes that DO settle out

Chemical bonds

Energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms

Octet rule

8 electrons in their valence shell

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Major types of chemical bonds

Ionic bonds

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged

- Attraction

Covalent bonds

Are formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms

Single Bond

Sharing of 2 electrons results in

Double bond

Sharing of 4 electrons is a

Triple bond

Sharing of 6 electrons is a

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms

Polar covalent bonds

Unequal sharing of electrons

Yes - nice

Does carbon share electrons

NO - bully

Does oxygen share electrons

Yes - whimp

Does hydrogen share electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule

Covalent bonds

Sharing of pairs of electrons. polar or nonpolar

Synthesis

Reactions involve atoms or molecules combining to form larger, more complex molecule

Decomposition

Reactions involve breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms

Exchange

Involve both synthesis and decomposition

Exergonic

Gives off energy

Endergonic

Use up energy

Catalysts

substances that speed up chemical reactions without being changed or becoming part of the product

Biochemistry

Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

High heat capacity

Absorb and release heat with little temp change

High heat of vaporization

Evaporation requires large amounts of heat

Reactivity

Necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

Cushioning

Protects certain organs from physical trauma

Acidic pH scale

Below 7 - higher concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]

Neutral pH scale

7- Equal concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-]

Alkaline pH scale

Above 7 - low hydrogen ions [H+] but high hydroxide ions [OH-]

-Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid

WHat are the major organic compounds

Polymers

Chains of similar units called monomers (building blocks)

Monosaccharides

One single sugar

- 3-7 carbon atoms

Disaccharides

Two sugars

- too large to pass through cell membrane

Polysaccharides

Many sugars

important monosaccharides

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Hexose

important disaccharides

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

important polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Triglycerides

called fats and oils when liquid

- Energy storage, Insulation, Protection

Phospholipids

"Head" and "tail" regions have different properties

- Head is polar and hydrophilic

- Tails are nonpolar and hydrophobic

Steroids

Consist of four interlocking ring structures

- Most important steroid is cholesterol

Cholesterol

Most important steroid

Acidic solution

Higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

Neutral solution

Equal concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

Alkaline solution

Higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-)

Biomolecules

Food is a source of large molecules that are needed for life

Monomer

Building block, that same type of “block” makes up something larger

Carbohydrate

Food source, such as, bread, pasta, fruit, and vegetables tend to be high in carbs

Monosaccharides

The monomer for carbohydrates

Mono

One

Di

Two

Polysaccharides

What does a lot of monosaccharides combine together make?

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose =

Disaccharide

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =

Glucose

Used in cellular respiration to make ATP (fast energy source)

Glucose used to make ATP

What makes a fast energy source for cells

Cellulose

Plants

Chitin

Fungi

Lipids

Butter, olive oil. Include fats and oils

Monomers of lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Proteins

Food source - beans, meat, nuts, and eggs

Monomer for proteins

Amino acids