WHAP Practice Test

The information below applies to the question that follows. A historian examining the 25 year period between 1620 and 1645 could BEST utilize the sources listed in the timeline to analyze which of the following?

A. Manchu efforts to prevent their language and culture being lost when they engaged with China

B. collaboration between the later Ming and Qing dynasties

C. problems that were caused exclusively by the Manchus, who in turn were overthrown by the later Ming

D. the decline and fall of the later Ming and rise of the Qing dynasties

The information below applies to the question that follows. A historian examining the 25 year period between 1620 and 1645 could BEST utilize the sources listed in the timeline to analyze which of the following?

A. Manchu efforts to prevent their language and culture being lost when they engaged with China

B. collaboration between the later Ming and Qing dynasties

C. problems that were caused exclusively by the Manchus, who in turn were overthrown by the later Ming

D. the decline and fall of the later Ming and rise of the Qing dynasties

D. the decline and fall of the later Ming and rise of the Qing dynasties

The arrival of the Europeans

A. halted the slave market because of Christian rules against slavery.

B. created a slave market where none had existed before.

C. dramatically increased previously existing slave networks.

D. had almost no influence on the slave networks.

C dramatically increased previously existing slave networks.

Why does there seem to be a connection between the rise of regional kingdoms and trade in Africa?

A. Trade made people greedy and the state needed to be present to enforce law and order.

B. By controlling local commerce, chieftains increased their wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority, allowing them to become kings.

C. Merchant families appointed a king so that outside traders would know whom to contact to initiate trade.

D. Controlling trade required a government bureaucracy to keep track of taxation.

B. By controlling local commerce, chieftains increased their wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority, allowing them to become kings.

A historian researching the "native learning" movement in Tokugawa Japan would most likely use which of following sources?

A. census data describing the religious adherence rates of Japanese people

B. diplomatic correspondence between the Tokugawa court and the Qing imperial court related to competing claims to exercising tributary relationships with Korea

C. writings by Japanese scholars which emphasized traditional Shinto religious beliefs endemic to Japan and condemning foreign, imported religions and philosophies

D. autobiographies of Japanese government officials

C. writings by Japanese scholars which emphasized traditional Shinto religious beliefs endemic to Japan and condemning foreign, imported religions and philosophies

The information below applies to the question that follows. Which of the following changes BEST justifies the claim that population pressures were becoming a concern in the Qing empire ca. 1750?

A. Civil war and rebellion caused a dip in population between ca.1600 and ca.1650.

B. The population in ca.1500 was far smaller than one would have predicted given populations elsewhere in the world.

C. Epidemic disease continued to cause significant population fluctuations in China between ca. 1500 and ca. 1750.

D. Despite the large land area, only a small part of China was fertile farmland and even irrigation, mountain terracing, new rice strains, and agricultural innovations were not able to meet food demand.

D Despite the large land area, only a small part of China was fertile farmland and even irrigation, mountain terracing, new rice strains, and agricultural innovations were not able to meet food demand.

The vast majority of slaves

A. died during the middle passage.

B. were employed in the mines of Central and South America.

C. became domestic servants.

D. provided agricultural labor on plantations.

D provided agricultural labor on plantations.

"Rounding the Cape..." --Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer, 1498 Which of the following made possible fifteenth-century European voyages such as the one described in the passage?

A. European knowledge of African monsoon winds

B. European interactions with advanced Islamic civilization during the Crusades

C. increased demand for slaves to work in the New World

D. newly-found evidence that the world was not flat

A. European knowledge of African monsoon winds

Historians who are split on what period best defines a transition between two periods of interregional trade—ca. 1486-1488 C.E. or ca. 1497-1498 C.E.—would most likely disagree about

A. the value of increased knowledge of prevailing winds and ocean currents.

B. the desire to find a direct sea route to sources of spices in India and east Asia. C. the significance of the first Portuguese voyage to reach India.

D. the importance of training for navigators provided for by Prince Henry's school.

C. the significance of the first Portuguese voyage to reach India.

All of the following were causes of the Seven Years' War EXCEPT

A. the ultimate desire of the English to create a global empire.

B. commercial rivalries between European nations.

C. the desire to control specific trade goods such as cotton, spices, silver, and slaves.

D. alliances between various native factions.

A. the ultimate desire of the English to create a global empire.

The English East India Company, founded 1600 C.E., and the Dutch United East India Company, founded 1602 C.E., were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A. Both companies experienced significant financial losses soon after they were established, and the British and Dutch governments had to intervene and fund the companies with public monies.

B. Charters gave each company the right to buy, sell, establish trading posts, manage their own affairs, and even go to war if fighting native peoples or other Europeans was in their interest.

C. The companies were both privately owned joint-stock enterprises that enjoyed the support of their respective governments.

D. Each company was able to exclusively concentrate on commercial enterprises, and each company resisted any attempts at government oversight.

A. Both companies experienced significant financial losses soon after they were established, and the British and Dutch governments had to intervene and fund the companies with public monies.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that Europeans failed to make any diplomatic contacts in their efforts to defend themselves from Abbasid expansion in the 1240s and 1250s C.E. Which of the following evidence BEST supports this historic reinterpretation?

A. Roman Catholic popes sent diplomatic representatives to the Mongol khans, urging them to convert to Christianity.

B. The Ethiopian empire of Prester John successfully established an alliance with the Holy Roman empire after extensive diplomatic and religious contacts.

C. Norman French forces seized control of Constantinople and reinvigorated Byzantine resistance to Muslim territorial expansion.

D. Crusader armies broke the power of the Abbasids by invading and then occupying Egypt and North Africa.

A. Roman Catholic popes sent diplomatic representatives to the Mongol khans, urging them to convert to Christianity.

In general, between 600 and 1450, trade through Afro-Eurasia

A. increased as first the Arabs and then the Mongols actively encouraged trade.

B. increased in the east, but declined in the west and not rebounding until around 1500.

C. changed from sea-based to land-based as land transportation increased.

D. decreased as the classic empires dissolved, thus ending the Silk Road trades.

A. increased as first the Arabs and then the Mongols actively encouraged trade.

Which of the following changes BEST justifies the claim that ca. 1625 marked the strengthening of French absolutism and belief in the divine right of kings?

A. the flowering of the French Enlightenment, whose members were all royalists

B. the rise to power of Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister to the king

C. the outbreak of the French revolution that toppled the royal family

D. the beginning of the reign of Louis XIV, known as the "sun king"

B the rise to power of Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister to the king

Until recent decades, many world historians held the view that women played no role in the European Enlightenment, but now this stance is being challenged. All of the following facets of the life of Frenchwoman Émilie du Châtelet support this historical reinterpretation EXCEPT

A. her role as a mathematician and physicist.

B. her role as translator of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica into French.

C. her role as mistress to Voltaire.

D. her role as wife and mother.

D. her role as wife and mother.

How does the colonization of Australia and the Pacific compare with the colonization of the Americas?

A. Australia was found to have many interesting peoples with which to trade. Spices and silks were found to be special bargains, something the English took advantage of.

B. Although European mariners explored the Australian coastline in the seventeenth century, they were uninterested in the area because there were few trading opportunities to be had.

C. Because Australia was seen as the southern continent that would balance Eurasia, it was believed to be much larger than it actually was and was not fully explored until the nineteenth century.

D. The English colonized Australia and the Pacific at the same time as the Spaniards colonized Mexico, and much of the silver mined in Mexico was routed through Australia.

B. Although European mariners explored the Australian coastline in the seventeenth century, they were uninterested in the area because there were few trading opportunities to be had.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that silver produced in the Americas at mines like the one at Potosí (Bolivia) played a minor role in the expansion of world trade that occurred after ca. 1600. All of the following support this challenge EXCEPT

A. world networks of communication and exchange contracted as excessive production of silver depressed value of goods and services worldwide.

B. the Spanish government extracted one fifth of the total silver produced—called the quinto in Spanish—to finance imperial activities worldwide.

C. Spaniards reinstituted the mita labor system previously used by the Inca to provide sufficient labor to economically produce silver at sites like Potosí.

D. large investments were required to produce silver in the Americas, but rich ore deposits produced tremendous amounts of silver bullion.

A. world networks of communication and exchange contracted as excessive production of silver depressed value of goods and services worldwide.

Plantations created a high demand for

A. cheap labor.

B. cash crops.

C. tobacco.

D. money.

A. cheap labor.

Which of the following describes a major change that occurred in the religious affairs in Europe and elsewhere around the world following the Council of Trent, which met in various sessions between 1545 and 1563?

A. The Lutheran Society of Jesus was active in spreading Protestant Reformation beliefs in missionary efforts in various parts of the Americas, Africa, and Austronesia.

B. The pope established an alliance of the Catholic powers Austria, Bavaria, Spain, Portugal, and France that attacked Lutheran states in northern Europe and returned them to the Catholic faith.

C. Roman Catholics launched a Catholic Reformation in response to Protestant challenges to church doctrine and practices.

D. The papacy was able to negotiate reconciliation between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches by persuading Orthodox believers to accept papal infallibility and Roman Catholic doctrines.

C. Roman Catholics launched a Catholic Reformation in response to Protestant challenges to church doctrine and practices.

The information below applies to the question that follows.

• Round-trip trade was established between Acapulco and Manila.

• Mariners stopped in the Mariana Islands for provisions.

• Silver was an important trade good.

The listed events most likely describe

A. Spanish conquistador travel.

B. the Manila galleon trade.

C. British and Dutch exploration of the Pacific.

D. the imposition of Spanish rule in Oceania.

B. the Manila galleon trade.

"When the Portuguese go from Macao, the most southern port city in China, to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, perfume, and porcelain and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great ship that goes to Japan every year, and brings back more than 600,000 coins' worth of Japanese silver. The Portuguese use this Japanese silver to their great advantage in China. The Portuguese bring from China gold, perfume, silk, copper, porcelain, and many other luxury goods."

Ralph Fitch, a British merchant, in an account of his travels to the East Indies, 1599

Which conclusion about the Portuguese is best supported by the passage above? A. They manufactured luxury goods that they could sell in China.

B. They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries.
C. They primarily wanted to accumulate silver.

D. They preferred to trade with China rather than Japan.

B. They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries.

The theory of universal gravity is associated with

A. Isaac Newton.

B. Galileo Galilei.

C. Denis Diderot.

D. Nicolaus Copernicus.

A. Isaac Newton.

Although plagued by periodic droughts, the Pueblo and Navajo peoples of the American southwest

A. lived in agricultural settlements.

B. were under Aztec rule.

C. were nomadic peoples who hunted buffalo.

D. formed a political alliance with the Iroquois nations.

A. lived in agricultural settlements.

"... [Feudalism is] a social system of rights and duties based on land tenure and personal relationships in which land (and to a much lesser degree other sources of income) is held in fief by vassals from lords to whom they owe specific services and with whom they are bound by personal loyalty... --William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, 1874-1878.

The system of government described in the passage is most similar to which of the following?

A. Japan

B. The Mongols

C. The Inca

D. The Aztecs

A. Japan

Historians who maintain that the date 1071 C.E. is the best choice for the transition between two major periods in Byzantine history versus historians who maintain the date 1453 C.E. is a better choice for that transition are most likely to disagree on the relative importance they assign the following?

A. whether the Orthodox Church was successful in preventing civil wars in the Byzantine empire

B. whether Greek fire was effective as an offensive and defensive weapon on land and at sea

C. whether Byzantine military practices were successful in protecting the empire from its enemies

D. whether Turkish peoples played a significant role in the decline of the Byzantine empire

C. whether Byzantine military practices were successful in protecting the empire from its enemies

Historians often consider the last years of the late middle ages—mid-fifteenth century C.E.—a turning point in European reconnections with the greater world. All but which of the following changes support this theory?

A. Significant demographic increases occurred as a result of the retreat of epidemic disease.

B. Religious reunification between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church traditions coalesced into a new, Uniate theology.

C. Significant economic growth occurred based on expansion of manufacturing, extractive activities, and agricultural production and expanded networks of communications and exchange.

D. Forms of political organization solidified and became more stable and predictable.

B. Religious reunification between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church traditions coalesced into a new, Uniate theology.

Which of the following represents the most significant reason behind the foundation of universities in a number of European cities between the mid-twelfth and late-thirteenth centuries?

A. Rulers of several European countries wanted to have more individuals trained to work in the rapidly expanding manufacturing facilities.

B. Students were sometimes overcharged for food and lodging in university towns. C. Universities were the first European schools since the fall of the Roman empire to adopt curricula that used Greek as the language of instruction.

D. Both faculty and students wanted to form guilds in order to protect their respective interests and persuaded local rulers to grant charters to protect their rights.

D Both faculty and students wanted to form guilds in order to protect their respective interests and persuaded local rulers to grant charters to protect their rights.

The North American Indian societies

A. possessed no form of writing.

B. invented writing that was much more complex and useful than that of the Aztecs.

C. copied their writing system from the Aztecs.

D. used a series of hieroglyphics that were very similar to the Maya script.

A. possessed no form of writing.

All of the following reflect that European scholars rediscovered the works of Aristotle during the middle ages EXCEPT

A. key works of Aristotle were found in the Alexandrian Library and these originals were sent to Rome.

B. some copies of parts of Aristotle's works had survived in monasteries and libraries in Rome and elsewhere in Europe, and were available in Latin.

C. Muslim scholars in Al-Andalus had developed an appreciation for Aristotle's works and some were published in Arabic Christians and Jews in Sicily then translated the works into Latin.

D. communications and trade increased between Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and Byzantine copies of some of Aristotle's works were sent to western Europe.

A. key works of Aristotle were found in the Alexandrian Library and these originals were sent to Rome.

When the Mexica migrated to central Mexico, they

A. dramatically improved the limited cultural achievements of their Mesoamerican predecessors.

B. imposed their own traditions on the societies of Mesoamerica

C. adopted cultural and religious traditions shared by the peoples of Mesoamerica.

D. were not influenced by the traditions of the societies of Mesoamerica.

C. adopted cultural and religious traditions shared by the peoples of Mesoamerica.

In Italy, the political structure was marked by

A. a tightly centralized government.

B. a series of city-states and principalities.

C. consolidated rule by the popes.

D. unification imposed from the outside by the Holy Roman Empire.

B. a series of city-states and principalities.

What initially caused many Turks to convert to Islam?

A. gradual conversion as a result of long-term contact along the borders

B. fairly sudden conversion in hopes of attracting greater trading opportunities within the caliphates

C. sudden conversion as Chinggis Khan looked for an ideology that would unify his people

D. forced conversion as a result of capture when the Seljuqs became military slaves

A. gradual conversion as a result of long-term contact along the borders

Which of the following is a description of what were called the Three Estates, or divisions of society, in medieval Europe?

A. peasants, urban laborers, and merchants

B. rulers, free peasants and city dwellers, and slaves

C. the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of the population

D. the king, the nobility, and the rest of the population

C. the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of the population

A historian researching Mongol attempts to increase communications and exchanges between diverse societies to promote Eurasian integration would be least likely to examine which of these sources?

A. descriptions of trade routes and amenities that the rulers of the four successor empires provided to merchants

B. letters from missionaries of various faiths detailing their work to convert citizens of the Mongol empires

C. diplomatic exchanges between the Great Khan and rulers of the Ilkhans in Persia, the Golden Horde in Russia, and the Chaghatai lands in central Asia

D. accounts of the resettlement of subject peoples who were allies and talented individuals with specific skills to different parts of the empires

B. letters from missionaries of various faiths detailing their work to convert citizens of the Mongol empires

How were the religious practices of Bantu speakers similar to those of a later faith that would spread in Africa?

A. They believed in a messiah, as did Christians.

B. They practiced ancestor veneration, as did many people brought to work on the east coast of Africa.

C. They worshiped several deities, as did Arabs after the eighth century.

D. They spread a form of monotheism, as did Muslims.

D. They spread a form of monotheism, as did Muslims.

Which statement about military tactics is best supported by the illustration?

A. The Mongols used mounted horsemen only to attack and conquer walled cities. B. The Mongols' siege technology was inadequate to breach the walls of a city like Baghdad.

C. The Mongols adopted military technology from people they conquered and used it to attack others.

D. The residents of Baghdad surrendered to the Mongols rather than face the wrath of the Mongols.

C. The Mongols adopted military technology from people they conquered and used it to attack others.

Which of the following describes a major difference between the Golden Horde and the other successor Mongol states following the death of Chinggis Khan in 1227 C.E.

A. The Golden Horde rapidly evolved into an urban society where people of various religious backgrounds were welcomed to come and settle.

B. The Golden Horde remained a steppe-based power, directly ruling the lands north of the Black Sea and east into central Asia, and held Russian lands in a tributary relationship.

C. The Golden Horde rapidly fell under the control of a series of Russian states that enslaved many Mongols and sold them to slave markets in Constantinople.

D. The Golden Horde earned its name from the rich discovered of gold in the Ural Mountains that were exploited by the Mongols.

B. The Golden Horde remained a steppe-based power, directly ruling the lands north of the Black Sea and east into central Asia, and held Russian lands in a tributary relationship.

What accounted for the pattern of nomadic warriors being fierce and effective invaders of sedentary populations?

A. Because of the frequent long distance travels undertaken by many nomadic groups, they had more immunity to diseases, thus rendering them immune to the very effective biological warfare they used to target urban populations.

B. The excellent equestrian skills and relative mobility allowed nomadic societies to attack as well as retreat quickly when needed.

C. The fluid social structure in nomadic societies meant that young men had to prove themselves and, thus, carried out frequent raids.

D. Since trading was more important to sedentary populations than to nomadic ones, urban areas often opened their city walls to nomads who pretended to be merchants before attacking.

B. The excellent equestrian skills and relative mobility allowed nomadic societies to attack as well as retreat quickly when needed.

"The kings of various places in India keep elephants ...."

Source: Cosmas lndicopleustes. The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk. Trans. by J. W. McCrindle. London: Hakluyt Society, 1897, pp. 364-72. (Translation slightly modified.)

Which of the following can be determined by reading the passage?

A. The height of elephants determines their price.

B. Horses have little value to Indian rulers.

C. There are more elephants than horses in India.

D. Elephants are more valuable than horses

A. The height of elephants determines their price.

How did the economy of western Europe compare with that of Byzantium?

A. Byzantium's economy was divided into small, self-supporting regions, while western Europe had extended their economic connections across the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas.

B. Western Europe's economic system was based on strong internal trade relationships whereas Byzantium incorporated a strong, international trading system.

C. Byzantium's economy was controlled by the Patriarch whereas western Europe's economy was controlled by the Pope.

D. Byzantium's economic base consisted of a strong free peasantry combined with textile exportation, including that of silk.

D. Byzantium's economic base consisted of a strong free peasantry combined with textile exportation, including that of silk.

In what way did postclassical western Europe resemble postclassical India?

A. Both divided into regional kingdoms held together by cultural traditions and religion.

B. Both western Europe and India created strong central political authorities that controlled vast amounts of territory.

C. Both participated in maritime trade and exchange.

D. Religious philosophy was the strongest unifier in both western Europe and India during the postclassical period.

A. Both divided into regional kingdoms held together by cultural traditions and religion.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about Viking expansion out of Scandinavia beginning ca. 790 C.E.?

A. Population growth in Scandinavia was probably a result of increased agricultural production and demand for additional land to farm.

B. Invasions, then migrations, were an outcome of the Viking desire to trade and raid in the wealthy European lands to the south of their home region.

C. The wholesale conversion of Scandinavians led to their campaigns to oust Arab Muslims from the Holy Land and to return Jerusalem to Christian control.

D. Viking shipbuilding skills resulted in construction of seaworthy, shallow-draft ships that were propelled by sails at sea or by oars on inland waters.

C. The wholesale conversion of Scandinavians led to their campaigns to oust Arab Muslims from the Holy Land and to return Jerusalem to Christian control.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Viking, or Norse, expansion out of their Scandinavian homelands beginning in the late eighth century?

A. Some Vikings were merchants who sought to exchange furs, amber, and other products for goods they desired.

B. Some Vikings were missionaries who were eager to spread their religious beliefs to other peoples.

C. Some Vikings were marauders who raided more settled lands in a quest for wealth.

D. Some Vikings were migrants seeking new lands to settle as their Scandinavian homelands were overpopulated.

B. Some Vikings were missionaries who were eager to spread their religious beliefs to other peoples.

Since merchants involved in the Indian Ocean trade often were delayed in foreign ports for lengthy periods of time, they frequently

A. became involved in local political affairs

B. married and converted their wives to their religion

C. lost their connection to the culture of their homeland

D. settled in the foreign port and converted to the local faith

C. lost their connection to the culture of their homeland

In about 1000 C.E., western Mediterranean and Norse merchants shared which of the following attributes?

A. Neither group of merchants was allowed to trade with the Byzantine empire, as the Byzantines declined to interact with Roman Catholics whom they considered to be heretics.

B. Both groups of merchants relied exclusively on the land Silk Roads through the Byzantine empire to transport trade goods to exchange with merchants in the Abbasid caliphate and in China and Japan.

C. Neither set of merchants interacted with merchants in the Carolingian empire, as Charlemagne had decreed that his empire was self-sufficient and did not need to trade with foreigners.

D. Both groups of merchants were involved in networks of exchange connecting the Byzantine empire and Abbasid caliphate with western European states.

D. Both groups of merchants were involved in networks of exchange connecting the Byzantine empire and Abbasid caliphate with western European states.

•Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet

•Muslims must face Mecca while praying five times per day

•Maintenance of daylight to dusk fasting during the month of Ramadan

•The duty to give alms to assist in care of the poor in the community

•The obligation to make at least one pilgrimage, or hajj to Mecca

A religious historian interested in the five statements listed would most likely use which of the following sources?

A. a list of obligations that are only assumed by members of the Sunni sect of Islam

B. a description of expectations of converts to Islam during the year following their conversion

C. a list of obligations that are only assumed by members of the Shia sect of Islam D. a description of the Five Pillars of Islam as pronounced by the prophet Muhammad

D. a description of the Five Pillars of Islam as pronounced by the prophet Muhammad

• Industrial crops like henna, cotton, and indigo

• Staple crops such as sugarcane, rice, and new varieties of wheat and sorghum

• Vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant

• Fruits like mango, coconut, watermelon, lemon, lime, banana, and orange

Which of the following would be the BEST source for evidence of the diffusion of the plants listed ca. 750-1258 C.E.?

A. images of the effect of diasporic merchant communities on agriculture in Austronesia

B. accounts of the results of the Columbian Exchange on agricultural development C. financial records describing tariffs collected by Tang officials in charge of agricultural exports

D. descriptions of effects of the Muslim agricultural revolution

D. descriptions of effects of the Muslim agricultural revolution

Why were people in the Indian subcontinent drawn to Buddhism and Jainism?

A. They offered a more serene and removed reality. Men and women could choose to become monks and nuns and live in peaceful solitude.

B. They offered lower castes religious traditions that did not recognize the importance of social hierarchies.

C. Nonviolence appealed to both Buddhists and Jainists, with Buddhists sometimes sweeping the ground before walking on it so not to injure a living thing. D. They offered salvation to people who were poor and lonely.

B. They offered lower castes religious traditions that did not recognize the importance of social hierarchies.

In an empire that tolerated great religious diversity, why were Christians and Jews persecuted?

A. Because they were religions of salvation, Christianity and Judaism were thought of as too spiritual to support Roman laws thus, they were seen as a threat to the fabric that held Roman culture together.

B. Because they preached poverty and salvation for the poor, they upset the ruling and wealthy elites who pressured the emperor to destroy the power of Judaism and Christianity.

C. Because they were exclusivist and refused to recognize the Roman Pantheon, they were seen as a threat to the empire.

D. Because both Judaism and Christianity originated in Judaea rather than in Rome, they were seen as foreign imports and therefore not tolerated by the Roman political structure

C Because they were exclusivist and refused to recognize the Roman Pantheon, they were seen as a threat to the empire.

The reconnaissance voyages of Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) and Bartolomeu Dias (ca.1450-1500) were similar in which of the following ways?

A. Both were undertaken under protection of the Portuguese crown.

B. Both sought to find routes to Asian markets by sailing around the tip of Africa.

C. Both were conquistador adventures that resulted in the addition of large, land-based territories to the Portuguese empire.

D. Both influenced production of new maps which charted western hemisphere lands unknown to contemporary Europeans.

A. Both were undertaken under protection of the Portuguese crown.

Luther decided to become a monk after

A. he decided he hated to idea of being a lawyer

B. his best friend became one.

C. he survived a lightning storm.

D. he survived the plague.

C. he survived a lightning storm.

The difference between a peninsulare and a creole (criollo) was

A. a peninsulare was borne in the new world and a creole was borne in Spain

B. They both had Spanish parents but a peninsulare was borne in Spain and a creole was borne in the new world.

C. a peninsulare had grandparents borne in Spain but both a peninsulare and a creole had parents who borne in the new world.

D. to be a peninsulare you had to borne of creole parents.

B. They both had Spanish parents but a peninsulare was borne in Spain and a creole was borne in the new world.

All of the following were major causes of the Protestant Reformation in Europe EXCEPT

A. the Roman Catholic reformation and the Council of Trent.

B. political exigency.

C. corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

D. commoners' desire for a more personal connection to the divine.

A. the Roman Catholic reformation and the Council of Trent.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that Spanish conquistadors in Peru used overwhelming military power to topple the Inca empire. All of the following supports this historical reinterpretation EXCEPT

A. a civil war divided Inca loyalties between two different claimants to the imperial throne.

B. food sources available in the Inca empire were insufficient to meet the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the Spanish invaders.

C. the Inca people were despised by many of their tributary peoples, and many among the tributary peoples allied themselves with the Spanish against the hated Inca overlords.

D. devastating waves of epidemic diseases introduced to the Americas by Europeans had already claimed huge numbers of lives in the Inca empire before Spaniards invaded.

B. food sources available in the Inca empire were insufficient to meet the needs of both the indigenous peoples and the Spanish invaders.

In terms of dealing with his marriage to Katherine of Aragon, Henry VIII

A. first asked the Pope for an annulment and then got a divorce from the Pope.

B. asked the Pope for a divorce but was granted an annulment.

C. asked for and received a divorce from the Pope.

D. received neither a divorce nor an annulment from the Pope.

D. received neither a divorce nor an annulment from the Pope.

All of the following were part of Peter the Great's policy of westernization EXCEPT A. sending Russians to Europe for education.

B. the construction of a new seaport on the Baltic Sea.

C. political liberalization and democratic reforms.

D. creation of a modern military.

C. political liberalization and democratic reforms.