Chapter 3: The Psychology of Travel (HRM-Tourism)

A set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 3: The Psychology of Travel (HRM-Tourism).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory that organizes needs into five levels: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Physiological Needs

Basic survival needs such as food, drink, rest, and shelter.

Safety Needs

Protection from physical or mental danger and a desire for security.

Social Needs (Love/Belonging)

Needs for affection, love, and acceptance within social groups.

Self-Esteem Needs

Needs for self-confidence, respect, recognition, and prestige.

Self-Actualization Needs

The drive to realize one's potential and achieve personal growth.

Psychocentrics

Travelers who prefer familiar, safe destinations and are inhibited, seeking consistency.

Allocentrics

Travelers who seek novelty and cultural variety, willing to experience new environments.

Midcentrics

In-between travelers who are neither highly risk-averse nor highly adventurous; represent the bulk of travelers.

Physical Motivators

Motivators related to physical rest, sports, beach recreation, and health.

Cultural Motivators

Desire to know about other countries and cultures.

Interpersonal Motivators

Desire to meet people, visit friends/relatives, escape routine, and maintain social relations.

Status and Prestige Motivators

Ego needs and personal development; travel to enhance recognition and reputation.

Wanderlust

A strong desire to travel and explore foreign places.

Sunlust

A travel motive focused on sun, leisure, and warm climates.

Relaxation

Motivation to travel to rest and unwind physically or mentally.

Escape

Motivation to travel to escape dull daily routines and the familiar.

Relief of Tension

Travel as a way to reduce stress and mental strain.

Health

Travel aimed at improving or maintaining physical or mental health.

Family Togetherness

Travel to bond and spend quality time with family.

Roots or Ethnic

Travel to reconnect with heritage or ethnic roots.

Maintain Social Contacts

Travel to keep in touch with friends and social networks.

Education (Travel Motive)

Travel motivated by learning, knowledge acquisition, and personal growth.

Professional/Business Motives

Travel for work-related purposes, meetings, conventions, and professional goals.

Shopping and Bargain Hunting

Travel to shop and seek bargains or special merchandise.

Scenery

Desire to experience natural or scenic beauty.

Interest in Foreign Areas

Curiosity about other countries and places.

Cultural Experience

Desire to experience how others live and to foster international understanding.

Learning Process of a Tourist

The process by which a traveler learns from past experiences to evaluate and choose travel options.

Decision Criteria

Learned criteria used to decide among travel alternatives, derived from past experience and environmental information.

Consistency (Leisure Travel)

Tendency toward repetition and familiar experiences to reduce tension; excessive consistency can lead to boredom.

Complexity (Leisure Travel)

Need for variety and novelty; too much complexity can increase tension.

Effect of Consistency and Complexity

Balance between repetition and novelty impacts travelers’ psychological tension and satisfaction.

Psychocentric Traits (Detailed)

Preference for safe, familiar destinations; resistance to experimenting with accommodations, food, or activities.

Allocentric Traits (Detailed)

High need for variety; seeks totally different cultures and environments; enjoys challenges.

Midcentral Traits (Detailed)

Moderate level of adventure; represents the majority of travelers who seek balanced experiences.

Travel Constraints: Lack of Money

Insufficient funds limit travel; wealthier individuals travel more.

Travel Constraints: Lack of Time

Limited time available to travel; time and money together enable travel.

Travel Constraints: Lack of Safety and Security

Perceived or real danger reduces travel desire to certain destinations.

Travel Constraints: Physical Disability

Health problems or physical handicaps that limit travel opportunities.

Travel Constraints: Family Commitments

Parental and family obligations that restrict travel, especially with young children.

Travel Constraints: Lack of Interest in Travel

Disinterest or preference to stay at home reduces travel.

Travel Constraints: Fears of Travel

Anxiety about traveling, including fear of the unknown or fear of flying.