Biology review class 14

Genotype

an organisms genetic makeup including specific alleles it carries for a given trait

Phenotype

in organisms observable traits: appearance, behavior, physiology from reacting with environment

Genome

complete set of genetic material in an organism, including genes and non-coding sequences

Transcriptome

complete set of RNA molecules transcribed from the genome in a cell or organism at a given time

Proteome

entire set of proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism at a given time. It varies based on genes, environment, and cellular conditions

performance structural, enzymatic, and regulatory functions, hormone, transport, immunity, movement

What are the functions of proteins?

Store and transmit genetic info

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

transcription and translation

How do you make proteins?

Transcription

DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus

Translation

ribosomes read the mRNA and assembled amino acids into a protein using transfer RNA

mRNA: Messenger RNA

Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

rRNA: ribosomal RNA

Forms part of ribosomes and helps assemble proteins

tRNA: transfer RNA

brings amino acid to ribosomes during translation, helps translate genetic information into proteins

siRNA

immune function, recently discovered

RNA world hypothesis

early life relied on RNA as both genetic material and a catalyst before DNA and proteins evolved

Central dogma

transcription converts genetic instructions into mRNA, and translation uses that mRNA to build proteins carrying out the cellular functions

Autosome

non-sex chromosomes that contain genes for general traits. Humans have 22 pairs

Sex chromosomes

determine in organisms biological sex, one pair XX or XY

Karyotype

organize display of an organisms chromosomes, used to examine their number, size, and structure

Diploid

a cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, 46 chromosomes 2N

Haploid

a cell with one set of chromosomes, sperm and egg, 23 chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, with the same gene but possibly different alleles

Sister chromatids

identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere formed during DNA replication