Injury snd the immune System

Disease

Process that interferes with or disrupts normal physiologic processes

Pathophyisology

The study of disruptions in normal physiologic processes

Pathogenesis

The clinical course of disease

Epidemiology

The study of disease distributions within populations

Morbidity

How many people in a population have a certain health concern at a given time

Mortality

The frequency or incidence of death within a given population during a specific time period

Etiology

Description and identification of the cause of disease

Signs

Clinical manifestations that are observable and can be verified

Symptoms

Clinical manifestations that are verbalized by the patient

Prognosis

The usual or expected outcome of a disease

Atrophy

Results from a decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Defined as an increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Defined as an overall increase in cell number

Metaplasia

Occurs when injury or disease results in displacement of one cell type by another cell type (that may be less mature)

Dysplasia

Defined as abnormal growth or development of cells

Exotoxins

Toxins released into the surrounding environment

Endotoxins

Toxins released when cells die and break apart

Necrosis

Refers to cellular changes occurring during cell death

Apoptosis

The genetically-programmed pattern of cell death

Disinfectants

Chemical and physical agents applied to non-living objects to kill microbes

Antiseptics

Agents used to kill microbes within living tissue

Sterilization

Used to kill all microbial life, including spores (used for surgical tools)

Monocytes and Macrophages

Immune cells that ingest and destroy bacteria, aged cells, and neoplastic cells

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Type of white blood cells that acts as the body’s rapid response to infection and inflammation (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that recognize and destroy foreign substances (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells)

Complement

System of plasma proteins that results in Al membrane attack complex and removes immune complexes

Cytokines

Immune cells that act as messengers by binding to target cells and triggering an immune response

Nitric Oxide

Inflammation mediator thst destroys toxic microbes

Lactoferrin

Inflammation mediator secreted by nuetrophils and binds to iron to prevent its use by invading bacteria

Histamine

Inflammation mediator that increases blood flow and vascular permeability

Reactive Ocygen Species (ROS)

Inflammation mediator that is toxic to microorganisms but also damages body tissues

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Inflammation mediator that enhances phagocytosis; used as a serum marker of inflammation

Prostaglandins

Inflammation mediator that increases vascular permeability and influences platelet aggregation