Cellular Respiration processes and their results

Superoxide anion

Forms during incomplete reduction of oxygen in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Superoxide Dismutase

Detoxifies superoxide anions. Anaerobes lack SOD and die.

Peroxide anion

Formed during reactions catalyzed by superoxide dismutase. Detoifixed by catalase or peroxidases.

Hydroxyl Radical

Results from ionizing radiation and from incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide.

Catalase

H2O2 + H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

Peroxidase

H2O2+NADH+H^+ → 2H2O + NADH^+

Superoxide dismutase

O2^- + O2^- + 2H^+ → H2O2 + O2

Superoxide dismutase/catalase in combination

4O2^- + 4H^+ → 2H2O + 3O2

Carbohydrate catabolism

Organisms oxidize carbohydrates as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions

Cellular respiration

Utilizes glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water

Fermentation

Utilizes glycolysis then converts pyruvic acid into other compounds

Glycolysis

Occurs in cytoplasm, splitting six carbon glucose into 2 three carbon sugar molecules

Glycolysis

Net gain of 2 ATP 2 Molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Fermentation

Ways to regenerate NAD+. Partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule as an electron acceptor reather than ETC

The Krebs cycle

Input: Acetyl-CoA

Output: One molecule of GTP, one molecule of FADH2, Three molecules of NADH, Two molecules of CO2

Electron Transport

Carrier molecules:

Flavoprotiens, Ubiquinones, metal containing (iron-sulfur) protiens, cytochromes

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration to yield water?

Oxygen

What is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration?

Molecules other than oxygen For example: NO3, SO4

Net atp from lactic acid bacterium

2

Net atp from substrate level phosphorylation only

4

Net atp from oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic

32

Number of ethanol from fermentation

2

Number of phosphates in atp

3

Fatty acids in phospholipids

2

CO2 molecules released from complete oxidation of one pyruvate

3

Mitochondrial protons required to produce 1 cytoplasmic atp in a eukaryotic cell

4

Number of atp equivalents produced from one turn of the krebs cycle starting with acetyl coa

12

Chemoheterotroph

Organic chemicals for energy

Carbon souce from CO2

Chemoautotroph

inorganic chemicals for energy

Organic carbon for carbon source

Photoautotroph

Light source for energy

CO2 for carbon source

Photoheterotroph

Light source for energy

Organic carbon for the carbon source