5 - SA infertility, abortion

What is the mechanism of action for development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Prolonged effects of estrogen on endometrium due to decreased down-regulation of estrogen receptors

what is the most common organism found in pyometra

e. Coli

describe the lcinical signs of a bitch with pymetra

vomiting, diarrhea, intact bitch 5-6 yo in heat 1-12 wks ago, anorexia, depression, PU/PD, abdominal distension

compare and contrast an open vs a closed cervix pyometra

open → less severely ill with foul-smelling discharge from vagina, closed → no discharge with abdominal swelling and systemically ill

what antibiotics would be appropriate to start with while waiting for culture and sensitivity results

ampicillin

describe how you would medically manage a pymetra for a client would would like to get another litter from the btich

PGF2a, cabergoline, misoprostol

describe what a uterine prolapse looks like and how you would treat it

firm, tubular mass protruding from vulva, occured during or following parturition

what are the different types of vaginal prolapses

types 1-3

what do the different types of vaginal prolapses look like

type 1 → vaginal floor, may or may not be visible; type 2 → floor and walls through vulva, pear-shaped; type 3 → entire vaginal circumference (doughnut)

What hormone is likely present with a vaginal prolapse

estrogen

Describe some differentials for perineal masses

vaginal leiomyoma, other neoplasia, abscess, hematoma

describe multiple ways you could diagnose an ovarian remnant in a bitch

Cytology, estradiol, progesterone, LH (high if spayed, low if ovarian remnant), AMH (high in OR)

what hormone would you measure that would be intermittently low in an intact bitch but may be consistently be high in a spayed female

LH

what hormone would be elevated in a female with ovarian follicle activity and could be used to diagnose an ovarian remnant

AMH

why is a recessed vulva an issue

dermatitis, vaginitis, urinary incontinence

what would be medical management for vaginal prolapse

estrogen therapy,

what are some clinical signs that may accompany a recessed vulva

urinary incontinence, pain on rear end

how would you medically manage those clinical signs

Abx, nsaids

what could be done in regards to spay age to potentially help with preventing a recessed vulva

spay later → after 1st estrous

what is the name of the surgery that may be done in a female with excessive peri-vulvar folds

episioplasty

how would you treat puppy vaginitis

wait to spay until after 1st estrus, probiotic, nsaids

how would you treat adult onset vaginitis

estrogen therapy, episioplasty, probiotics

describe some medical management for mastitis

hot pack, strip abnormal milk, cooked cabbage, nsaids

what NSAID would be appropriate to use with mastitis and why

carprofen, only a little contaminates milk

what is the relative risk for mammary neoplasia when a bitch is spayed before her first estrus? After 1st estrus? After 2nd estrus

before → 0.5%, after 1st → 8%, after 2nd estrous → 26%, >3 cycles = loss of sparing effect

describe which mammary glands go to axillary lymph nodes and which go to inguinal lymph nodes

caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands drain to inguinal LN, cranial abdominal/caudal thoracic/cranial thoracic drain to axillary LN

describe the tissues and fluids you would collect from a canine abortion for diagnostics

normal feti, good-condition placenta, paired serum from bitch

what is the name of the substance that is in the placenta and epididymus that makes those areas a predilection site for brucella

erythritol

which animals should be tested for brucella

All breeding animals, all dogs with enlarged testes

what are clinical signs of brucella infection in an intact male

abortion, epididymitis > orchitis

describe how you would go about testing a dog for brucella

test semen if ejaculation possible, test for antibodies or sequence

where would you send tissues and serum for brucella testing

reference lab with validated tests and positive and negative controls

what is an important characteristic of these laboratories

have validated tests and positive and negative controls

if you ahve a positive brucella test on a sample you ran in your clinic what should you do next

send a sample to a lab that has an accredited test

what would be the treatment for a dog that was positive for brucella

castration

what would you do if the owners elected not to treat for brucella

advise isolation, report if required, 

how do you prevent brucella from getting into a kennel

Quarantine all new additions, test all new additions three times before introducing to population, test all breeding animals annually to biannually, test females before each breeding, AI

what needs to be present if a dog is diagnosed with mycoplasma for you to consider treatment 

Presence of clinical signs → low conception, abnormal cells in semen, high rate of fetal resorption

what is the time frame surrounding parturition for exposure to herpes virus that would result in an issue

last three weeks of pregnancy, first three weeks of neonatal life

what are the clinical signs of herpes virus infection in pregnant bitch at parturition

lIttle to no signs

describe the clinical signs of neonates of a herpes virus infection

fading puppies, high mortality in affected liver, petechial hemorrhages in kidney, liver, lung, spleen

how do you treat neonates with herpesvirus

give pooled serum from positive females (non-shedding)

what is a pathognomonic sign on necropsy for herpesvirus infection in tissues

intranuclear inclusion bodies on histopathology sections

how could we prevent a herpes virus outbreak when introducing a naive bitch to a kennel that has had herpes virus infection in the past

expose naive bitch to positive pitches when not pregnant