Review Sheet for 10th Grade History Quiz

Deng Xiaoping

Favored rapid economic development over ideology and egalitarianism, embraced a unique form of state capitalism and committed to entrepreneurialism.

Changes supported by Deng Xiaoping

Approved the opening of small private businesses, fostered a market economy in education, and encouraged Chinese exports of manufactured goods.

State capitalism

A state controlled free market economy that was not completely socialist.

Gorbachev's reforms

Implemented his twinned policies, glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring).

Glasnost

Permitted much more free expression and circulation of information.

Perestroika

Decentralized the state-run economy and moved some reliance on markets.

Officially communist countries

China, Laos, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba.

USSR's image in the 1970s and 1980s

Seen as one of the world's powerhouses, with lots of military power and an impressive industrial establishment.

Reality in the USSR

Soviets suffered with distrust in the government, insufficient industrial items, and inability to meet people's needs.

Politburo

The ultimate power in the Soviet state.

Kwame Nkrumah

President of Ghana, which gained its independence on March 6th, 1957.

Apartheid

Separation between two races in South Africa, where political rights and most land were reserved for the white settler minority.

Goals of the Non-Aligned Movement

Not being under control of the Communist Soviet Union or Capitalist America.

Percentage of White South Africans in 1948

20% of the nation's population.

Factors ending apartheid

Resistance by Black South Africans, sustained political campaigns of the ANC, and financial troubles leading to negotiations.

Apartheid and the Cold War

The ANC received funding from the Soviet Union.

Nelson Mandela

An ANC activist and a lawyer who played a significant role in the fight against apartheid.

McNeill's argument on the Cold War

McNeill describes how the US had more success because it was able to prove to the world it could recognize its pitfalls.

Foundation of mistrust between USSR and Communist China

Mao resented how China was treated as a junior partner by the Soviets and wanted to pursue his own communism.

Solidarity Movement

The Polish trade union evolved into a civic movement when it attracted 10 million members in 2 years.

Containment policy effectiveness

Containment worked as the US-led bloc outlasted the Soviet Union, but often irked its allies.

Peaceful end of the Cold War

The Cold War ended peacefully because Gorbachev was prepared to let Eastern Europe go without a fight.

Organization of African Unity formation

African nations formed the Organization of African Unity in 1963.

Hungary's mixed economy

Hungary developed a mixed economy that challenged the USSR in the 1960s.

Bandung Conference

The Bandung Conference took place in April 1955.

Sharpeville massacre

The Sharpeville massacre occurred in 1960.

Czechoslovakia reform

Czechoslovakia reformed its laws and thus threatened the USSR's hegemony in 1968.

South Africa independence from Great Britain

South Africa began to gain independence from Great Britain in 1910.

Solidarity Movement start

Poland started the Solidarity Movement in 1980.

Apartheid instituted

The Nationalist Party in South Africa instituted apartheid in 1948.

Mao Zedong death

Mao Zedong died in September 1976.

African National Congress (ANC) founded

The African National Congress (ANC) was founded in 1912.

Soviet Union collapse

The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

China and US rapprochement

China and the US began a period of rapprochement in 1972.

Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion

The USSR experienced the explosion of a nuclear reactor in 1986, Ukraine, Chernobyl.

Berlin Wall fall

The Berlin Wall fell on November 9th, 1989.