Final APII

What are the formed elements of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Blood is what kind of tissue? A z

Liquid connective tissue

RBC are also called

erythrocytes

agranular leukocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

granular leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Platelets are also called

thrombocytes

universal donor blood type

O-

universal acceptor

AB+

Hemocytoblast

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

Hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood or blood cells

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

When do Kinsey's release EPO

Hypoxia

pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

VB12 requires

Intrinsic Factor release from stomach needed to transport

Hemoglobin composition

Heme pigment that carries 4 O2

Platelet function in hemostasis

1. Vascular Spasm

2. platelet plug formation

3. Coagulation

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

2 atria and 2 ventricles (left and right)

What separates the RA from RV

tricuspid valve

Separates LA from

LV

Bicuspid (Mitrlol Valve)

Valve found base of pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Valve found as the base of Aorta

Aortic SL Valve

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

Vena cava, coronary sinus- Rt. Atria -> Tricuspid Valve ->Rt. Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Trunk ->Pulmonary Artery - Lungs - Pulmonary Vein - Left Atria - Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve - Left Ventricle - Aortic Valve - Aorta

Cardiac Output

heart rate x stroke volume = CO

P wave begins when

SA node fires

P wave represents

atrial depolarization (contraction)

action potential moves through the heart via

Intrinsic cardiac conducting system

Components of Intrinsic cardiac conducting system

SA node fires -> AV Node delay (action protection pauses) -> Bundle -> bundle branches-> perkinjee fibers (depolarizing ventricles)

QRS wave represents

ventricular depolarization (contraction)

What happens at the same time as ventricular depolarization

Atrial repolorization (relaxation)

When is ventricular systole?

S-T Segment

T wave represents

ventricular repolarization

Where are pacemaker cells located?

SA node and AV node

What causes the valves to close

blood pressure

What are our cardiac cells

1% pacemaker, 99% contractile

What are sodium channels responsible for

Depolarization in contractile cells

What are potassium channels responsible for

negatively charging cell membranes

When is the bicuspid valve closed?

when the pressure in L ventricle is higher than pressure in the atria (when ventricle is in systole)

When will the bicuspid valve open?

When pressure in L ventricle is lower than pressure in atria (diastole)

Structures of the pulmonary circuit

right ventricle and left atrium, pulmonary trunk, lungs

structures of the systemic circuit

aorta, right atrium and left ventricle, arteries, capillary beds of all body tissue

function of pulmonary circuit

gas exchange

function of systemic circuit

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

Which ventricle has more workload

Left Ventricle

Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

largest diameter; include aorta and its

What do elastic arteries give rise to

muscular arteries

Muscular arteries

distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

arterioles give rise to

Capillaries

The capillaries give rise to

Venules

Venules give rise to

Veins

Layers of blood vessels

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

venous return

Blood flow returning to the heart via veins

Where does oxygenated gas exchange occur

capillarie beds

What helps with venous return

Activity of skeletal/respiratory muscles, and valves present in veins

Veins

Volume reservoirs

High compliance (easily expand)

Factors that effect cardiac output

stroke volume and heart rate

Diastolic volume (EDV)

the amount of blood that is in the ventricles before the heart contracts

Arteries

Pressure reservoirs

Noncompliant

systolic volume

volume of blood ejected by ventricular systole, leaving end systolic volume behind.

What factors effect resistance of blood

If blood is thicker or blood vessel is longer/ smaller

circulatory shock

condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally

hypovolemic shock

Sudden loss of fluid

vascular shock

Loss of vasomotor tone

cardiogenic shock

Lack of cardiac output

Lymph Composition

Anything, that isn't RBC's

Where are lymph clusters

Inguinal, auxiliary regions.

Where do you not find lymph nodes

Lower appendages

Peyer's patches

Mucousa associate lymphatic tissue (MALT) found in ileum

The thymus gland functions

T cell maturation and proliferation

When is the thymus gland most active?

during childhood

MALT

Tonsils, appendix, Peter's patches

Lymph Transportation

Transported through network of increasing larger vessels

Lymphatic capillaries < lymphatic vessels < lymphatic trunks < lymphatic ducts

innate defense system

Non specific defense system

Adaptive defense

Specific defense system

Innate defenses include

1. Skin and mucous membranes,

2. -Phagocytes (Neutrophil and Macheophages)

-NK Cells -antimicrobial (compliment and interferon) -inflammation

3. Fever

type of antimicrobial protein

Compliment protein and interferons

Monocytes make up

Neutrophils and macrophages

Action of Interferons

Interfere with viruses

adaptive defense system includes

B and T lymphocytes

Characteristics of Adaptive Defense System

Systemic, specific, memory

T lymphocytes are responsible for

cell-mediated immunity

B lymphocytes are responsible for

humoral immunity

Cardinal signs of inflammation

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

natural killer cells (NK cells)

Able and to kill virus infected and cancer cells by releasing various defense molecules- NOT by phagocytosis

NK cells release

perforin and granzymes

Interfere with virus replication

interferons

Function of Fever

Increases metabolic rate, speeds up tissue repair, inhibits microbe growth, sequester Iron and zync

4 process that ensure successful respiration

Pulmonary ventilation

External respiration

Transport

Internal respiration

Internal respiration

Exchange of gasses between blood and tissue

Transport

Carry blood from heart to organs

External respiration

exchange of gases between lungs (alveoli) and blood in capillaries

What makes up Alveoli

Type I & II Cells

pulmonary ventilation

Breathing

Type II Cells secrete

surfactant

Surfactant

Detergent like fluid that keeps lungs open

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

98.5% bound to hemoglobin

1.5% dissolved in plasma

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

7 to 10% dissolved in plasma

20-23% bound to globin of hemoglobin

70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma

carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 bound to hemoglobin

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation