Biopsych Final !

What part of your body is:

• Ipsilateral to your left foot, and

• Lateral to your heart, and

• Superior to your thumbs, and

• Inferior to your elbow and forearm, and

• Proximal to your thumb

Left Wrist

What part of your body is:

• Superior to your shoulders, and

• Inferior to your nose, and

• Medial to your ears, and

• Dorsal to your lips, and

• Proximal to your teeth

Tongue

3) What part of your body is:

• Contralateral to your right eye, and

• Superior to your ankle, and

• Lateral to you belly button, and

• Inferior to your thighs, and

• Proximal to your shins

Left Calf

olfactory bulb

Optic Nerve

Optic Chiasm

Optic Tracts

optic nerve

what ventricles are here and what is the pink tissue

Lateral, 1 and 2

Chorioid Plexus

medulla

medulla

medulla

pons

pons

third ventircle

pons

fourth ventricle

cerebellum

cerebellum

cerebral peduncles

cerebellar peduncles

cerebral penduncles

cerebral peduncles

superior colliculus

inferior colliculus

collectively referred to as the tectum

superior colliculus

inferior colliculus

tegmenum

subtania nigra

periaquaductal gray

red nucleus

substantia nigra

thalamus

thalamus

hypothalamus

mammilary bodies

mammilary bodies

mammilary bodies

pituitary stalk

pituitary stalk

pineal gland

pineal gland

globus palidus

putamen

caudate nucleus (2 locations)

whole complex basal ganglia

hippocampus

amygdala

corpus callosum

corpus callosum

corpus callosum

longitudinal fissure

lateral fissure

longitudinal and lateral fissures

central sulcus

post central gyrus

somatosentory cortex

parietal lobe

what view or surface of brain are you looking at

dorsal

sagittal

coronal

horizontal

sagittal

left and right

transverse

horizontal or cross section - up and down

coronal

crown of head, front and back

anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

rostral

towards the nose or front of head

caudal

towards the feet

proximal

close to origin

distal

away from origin

medial

towards middle of the body

lateral

away from the middle

superior

closer to the head

inferior

farther from head

superficial

at or close to the surface

deep

away from surface

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite side of body

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

processes information and directs behavior

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves

connects the CNS to the rest of the body

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

subdivision of PNS

sensory neurons (afferent) and motor neurons (efferent) to skeletal muscles

voluntary control of body movements and relaying sensory info to CNS

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

subdivision of PNS

motor system that controls non-skeletal muscles

involuntary and autonomic control of internal organs and homeostatsis

Sympathetic Nervous System

ANS Sub divison

prepares body for action, stress, or danger

fight or flight response

Parasympathetic nervous System

ANS subdivision

conserves energy and facilitates non-emergency responses

rest and digest response

dorsal root ganglionn location

cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies located just outside the spinal cord, on dorsal root of each spinal nerve

dorsal root ganglionn function

primary location for cell bodies of sensory neurons that transmit sensory information from periphery to CNS

dorsal root ganglionn damage

loss of sensory input from dermatone/region of body innervated by that particular spinal nerve, would not affect motor function

law of bell and magendie - narrow

spinal cord

sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via dorsal root

motor neurons exit the spinal cord via ventral root

sensory neuron

afferent

motor neuron

efferent

law of bell and magendie - general

the principal that sensory and motor functions are anatomically segregated within extends into the brain

sensory - oriented structures tend to be more dorsal

motor - oriented structures tend to be more ventral

structure of SNS

Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. They are short and travel to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Postganglionic neurons are long and project to target organs.

neurotransmitters of SNS - Preganglionic:

Release Acetylcholine (ACh) onto Nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron.

neurotransmitters of SNS - Postganglionic

Release Norepinephrine (NE) (also known as Noradrenaline) onto Adrenergic receptors on the target organ.

bodily effects of SNS

Increases: Heart rate, breathing, blood pressure. Decreases: Digestion, salivation. Other: Pupils dilate (mydriasis), blood shunted to skeletal muscles, release of adrenaline from adrenal gland.

structure of PNS

Preganglionic neurons originate in the cranial nerves (Brainstem) and the sacral region of the spinal cord (Craniosacral outflow). They are long and travel close to the target organ. Postganglionic neurons are short and synapse directly on the target organ.

neurotransmitter of PNS - preganglionic

Release Acetylcholine (ACh) onto Nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron.

neurotransmitter of PNS - Postganglionic:

Release Acetylcholine (ACh) onto Muscarinic receptors on the target organ.

Bodily Effects (Parasympathetic Activation)

Increases: Digestion, salivation, tear production. Decreases: Heart rate, breathing. Other: Pupils constrict (miosis), bladder contracts.

hindbrain - location

base of the brain, superior to spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

The lowest part of the brainstem, controls vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, sneezing, and blood pressure.

Pons

Located superior to the Medulla, acts as a "bridge" sending signals between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. It also controls sleep and arousal.

Cerebellum:

Attached to the rear of the brainstem. Its primary function is the coordination of voluntary movements, balance, posture, and fine motor control. Damage results in poor coordination, slurred speech (ataxia).

The Midbrain

is located superior to the Pons and Medulla.

Substantia Nigra:

Produces Dopamine (DA). Its axons project to the basal ganglia (striatum). Critical for initiating voluntary movement. (Loss of DA neurons leads to Parkinson's disease).

Red Nucleus:

Involved in motor control, receiving input from the cerebellum and motor cortex, and sending signals to motor neurons.

Superior Colliculus:

Directly involved in visual reflexes (e.g., quickly orienting the eyes/head toward a stimulus in the periphery).

Inferior Colliculus:

Directly involved in auditory reflexes (e.g., orienting the head toward a sound).

Diencephalon Structures (Location and Function)

The Diencephalon ("interbrain") sits atop the brainstem and beneath the cerebrum.

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Hypothalamus Location:

Located below the thalamus, near the base of the brain.

hypothalamus Functions:

The master regulator of homeostasis. Controls the pituitary gland (the master gland of the endocrine system). Functions include: temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, sexual behavior, and stress response.

Thalamus Location:

Large, paired structure superior to the hypothalamus.

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thalamus functions

The main sensory relay station of the brain. Almost all sensory information (except smell) passes through the thalamus before being routed to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex. It is also involved in motor control, arousal, and memory.