Muslim Leaders ALL (copy)

Zengi’s goal

Unite Muslim states of Northern Syria

1128

Took Aleppo

1130

Captured Hama

1134

Attacks Damascus, fails to take it, forces Damascus into alliance with Jerusalem

1135

Christian fortresses around Aleppo taken, paving way for attack into Edessa and Antioch

1137

Barin fortress on Tripoli border captured

Raymond II Tripoli captured and exchanged for Montferrand and Rafaniyah Castles

1138

Takes Homs from Damascus

United arc of cities surrounding Edessa and Antioch, isolated or captured a series of protective border fortresses

Potentially in strong position

Could easily cut off reinforcements from Jerusalem

1137

Defeated Fulk at Montferrand

1138

Defeated Byzantine invasion at Shaizar

1139

Captured Baalbeck

1144

Zengi takes Edessa while Joscelin II away, 15,000 Latin Christians massacared

Zengi’s death

Stabbed, leaving two sons to split lands

Sayf al-Din Ghazi given Mosul and surrounding lands

Nur given Aleppo and surrounding Northern Syrian territories

Planned to reunite Aleppo Damascus and Baalbeck

Revolt in Edessa

Provoked through Zengi’s death

Tried to gain Joscelin’s help, Muslims briefly thrown out

Nur appeared with army, slaughtered 30,000 Christians

1146

Nur allied with Seljuks of Rum

Meant didn’t have to focus on Anatolia as threat, diplomatic ability

Allows him to head south

1149

Battle of Inab

Nur linked up with Seljuks and Damascenes

Captured and beheaded Raymond II of Antioch, most of nobility wiped out again

Ability to unify with Muslims to overwhelm

Why Nur won Inab

Raymond struck out alone with 400 knights, 1,000 foot soldiers

Had made enemies of all his allies - Nur and Joscelin treaty against Raymond

Raymond II of Tripoli and Regent Melisende refused to aid prince of Antioch

Crusaders camped in exposed location without recieving reinforcements

Nur’s scouts noticed crusaders exposed and quicky surrounded camp at night

Nur invaded with aid from Unur of Damascus and force of Turkomans - 6,000 troops

Raymond fought bravely, surrounded beheaded

Impact of Inab

Nur took Apamea, Harenc and Artesia from Antioch

Took and destroyed port of Tortosa from Tripoli

Antioch and Tripoli lost signficiant resrouces in terms of men, territory, money

Crucial supply line to Jerusalem severed, weakened Antioch and Tripol so would not intervene with conquest of Syria

1149

Nur’s brother died, made half hearted attempt to control Mosul

Given Homs instead, strategically better as in Syria not in Iraq, easier to attack and weaken crusaders

1149 Damascus

Tried to persuade Damascus to accept him

Damascenes instead elected Abaq who allied with Franks

By 1151

Turbessel the last significant stronghold of Edessa captured, Edessa no more, removed as threat

1151

Nur tried to capture Damascus, forced to retreat

1154

Abaq deposed, Nur launched serious blockade and captured city

1155

Nur captured Baalbek - last opposing city in Syria, finally united under one ruler

Hadn’t directly attacked Jeruslam yet

Important for Nur to capture or control Fatimid Egypt

1155-1164

Nur’s consolidation of power

1157

Repelled Frankish attack on Shaizar

1159

Allies with Manuel against Seljuks

Nur and Egypt

Arguably lacked resources to defeat Jerusalem - Egypt provided solution

Egypt had been invaded 5 times by Franks in 1160s

Franks allied with Egyptian Vizier Shawar to defeat Nur

1163

Amalric raided into Egypt but forced to withdraw

During this Nur attacked Tripoli but opposed by coalition from Tripoli and Antioch and crusader pilgrims from France and Byzantine army

Nur heavily defeated at Krak

1164

Nur defeats Franks at Harim

Nursent army commanded by Shirkuh into Egypt to help Shawar take control

Saladin arrived in Egypt

Second in command to uncle Shirkuh

Shawar restored then wanted Shirkuh to leave, he refused and siezed control of forts and towns, Shawar appealed to Amalric who led an ary into Egypt in 1164 and together with Shawar’s army they forced Shirkuh to surrender

Whilst Shirkuh operated in Egypt Nur invaded Antioch, Bohemond III defeated and captured in 1164 battle at Artah, Antioch leaderless and stripped of defence, Raymond III Tripoli also captured, Amalric went an assumed control helped by Thierry Count of Flanders

Bohemond ransomed soon after by Nur, Raymond not - Nur preferred weak independant Antioch to Antioch part of Byzantium

1167

Shirkuh and Saladin invaded Egypt on behalf of Nur

Shawar appealed to and paid Amalric

Amalric protected Shawar

Shirkuh and Amalric fighting over Alexandria, Amalric defeated and had to return to Cairo

Shirkuh captured Alexandria and left Saladin commanding garrison

Shawar and Amalric besieged Alexandria and Saladin forced to surrender

Shirkuh moved to far south

In return for Amalric leaving he was paid tribute and Shawar left in charge

1168

Franks attack city of Bilbeis and abandon truce with Shawar

Amalric reinforced by French crusaders who demonstrated independence by massacring surrendered garrison town against Amalric’s wishes

Shawar appealed to Nur who sent large army under Shirkuh

1169

Shawar replaced as Vizier by Shirkuh

Shirkuh dies months later and Saladin takes over

Saladin’s consolidation of power

Employed family in positions of power - father as treasurer

Created corps of soldiers with specific loyalty to him, Salhiyya

1171

Saladin and Nur plan joint attack and meet in the middle

Saladin withdraws before meeting

1173

Saladin attacks Kerak and Monreal but again withdraws before Nur arrives

Nur orders financial review of Egypt, Saladin gives him gifts but not the info or revenue demanded

Amalric tried to force alliance with Assassains against Turks, templars ambushed and killed envoys

1174

Death of Nur

Saladin able to annex Damascus with no opposition from kingdom of Jerusalem

Marched in peacefully - Al-Salih occupied in Aleppo and Said-al-Din busy in Mosul, proclaimed himself ruled and married Nur’s widow to ensure control in 1176

City provided troops for campaign against Aleppo

Now controlled Egypt and Southern Syria

Began campaign in Aleppo

1175

Raymond III makes peace with Saladin - Saladin focuses on uniting different Muslim groups

Abandoned campgin in Aleppo 1175 struggled for support from Caliph and alliance between Aleppo and Mosul against him

Took Homs and Hama - controlled region

After Battle of Horns of Hama peace negotiations gave Saladin area all around Aleppo but not Aleppo itself

1176

Manuel heavily defeated in Anatolia

1177

Saladin defeated in invasion of Jerusalem

Planned raid into Ascalon but surprised and defeated by Franks at Mont Gisard, lost 1,000 men 750 seriously wounded

Under pressure as had justified war against Muslims to defeat Franks, had to meet them in battle to follow through

1179

Baldwin IV defeated at battle of Ayyun

1180

Baldwin IV makes truce with Saladin which lasts until 1182

Gave Saladin time to intervene in argument between Seljuks and Artquids

Death of Manuel

1181

Ruler of Aleppo Al-Salih dies and Saladin begins campaign once again

1182

Saladin reaches Aleppo

Tried and failed to take Beruit

Able to plunder Galilee but failed to bring Franks out into decisive battle

Besieged Kerak but failed

Saladin defeated at Belvoir Castle

1183

Saladin conquers Aleppo - formal surrender of Zengi III

Saladin launches invasion from Damascus into Galilee, area plundered but army refuses to meet him in battle

Andronicus becomes Emperor very unlikely to offer support

1185

Raymond III makes truce with Saladin

Gave breathing room to attack Mosul - would give him Jazira region of northern Iraq

Began Mosul campaign, took control of Southern area rivers of Great and Little Zab

Conquered Mayyafariqin to North

Mosul surrounded by new king Izz-al-Din refused to be drawn into battle

Made truce with Byzantine emperor for border security

1187

Reynald of Chatillon launched raid on Muslim caravan, stole booty, imprisoned traders and escort

Guy tried to salvage trudce and request Reynald return what he had taken

Bitter over succession dispute ignored Guy giving Saladin excuse to begin hostilities

Saladin attacked Kerak and Monreal

Saladin took up role established by Zengi and Nur as leader of Jihad - combined forces of 3 countries while crusaders without European support

1186 and 7

Saladin conquers Mosul 1186 - Izz-al-Din accepted overlordship of Saladin and agreed peace treaty would provide troops to fight franks

Raymond had asked Saladin for help against Guy, afraid Guy would attack as refused to pay homage

In return Raymond allowed force of 7,000 men to travel through Galilee on way to besiege Acre in May 1187 making Raymond a traitor, force of around 130 knights and 300 men had also been sent to encourage Raymond to mend relations with Guy and Sibyl, when discovered Saladin’s force in area launched attack and defeated

Saladin quick to capitalise, gathered huge invasion force together

July 1187

Saladin abandoned agreement with Raymond and besieged Tiberias

Raymond saw situation desperate and advised Guy to repeat actions of 1183 and wait for Muslim forces to retire

Raymond’s prev treachery made Guy not listen, took army to face Saladin and suffered heavy defeat at Hattin, Jerusalem fell shortly after