Bio Units 9-12

Plantae

Autotrophic, has a cell wall

Animalia

Heterotrophic, does not have a cell wall

Fungi

Heterotrophic, has a cell wall

Protista

Single-celled

Monera

Singled-celled, Prokaryotic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Blue-Green Algae

Uses blue and green pigments to conduct photosynthesis

No

Does blue-green algae contain chloroplasts?

Diplo-

Bacterial prefix that describes bacteria that occur as pairs of cells joined together

Strepto-

Bacterial prefix that describes bacteria that occur in chains of cells

Staphylo-

Bacterial prefix that describes bacteria that occur in clusters of cells

Bacillus

Rods

Coccus

Spheres

Spirillum

Fungi

Multicellular, Eukarytoic, Heterotrophic, with a cell wall

Hyphae

Thread-like cells that form a mat, obtain nutrients by absorption across cell walls

Mycelium

Mat formed by hyphae, ‘body’ of fungus

Sporangia

Spore-bearing structure, the spores are used for reproduction

High surface area :

Volume ratio

Plants

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Autotrophic

Cell wall

Bryophyta

No vascular tissues, spores

Pterophyta

Has vascular tissue, spores

Coniferophyta

Has vascular tissue, seeds come in cones

Anthophyta

Has vascular tissue, seeds are in flowers or fruit

Photosynthesis

Majority of plants get nutrition through:

Porifera

Sponges, sessile and heterotrophic, invertebrate

Cnidaria

Coral, anemones, jellyfish

Can be sessile or mobile

Heterotrophic

Invertebrate

Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms, flukes, planaria

Can be parasitic

Heterotrophic

Invertebrate

Annelida

Earthworms, leeches

Worm-like

Segmented & have a coelom

Invertebrate

Mollusca

Clams, snails, slugs, octopus, squid

Have a coelom but not segmented

Have a mantle

Invertebrate

Mantle

Tissue that secretes a shell

Invertebrate

No backbone

Vertebrate

With a backbone

Coelom

Fluid filled cavity in the body

Sessile

Does NOT move

Arthropoda

Insects, spiders, millipedes, lobsters, crayfish, flies

Have a coelom and segmented

Have an exoskeleton

Have jointed appendages (legs, wings, etc)

Invertebrate

Echinodermata

Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

Spiny skin

Have a coelom

Five fold symmetry

Invertebrate

Chordata

Amphioxus, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Have a coelom

Notochord

Pharyngeal gills

Dorsal nerve cord

Flow charts

Distinguishes traits from animal kingdoms

• Organisms written at tips of the line

• Biological traits written on the line

• Distinguishing traits are complementary 

  • Ex: Leaves without lobes vs leaves with lobes

Potential Growth / Biotic Growth

Rate of increase of a population under ideal conditions

Logistic Growth

Growth curve in which the rate of increase slows and the curve flattens

Carrying Capacity

Maximum number of individuals that a given habitat can support over time

Limiting Factors

Something that prevents a population from achieving its biotic potential

K (Carrying Capacity) can be estimated by:

The average number at which population fluctuates

Type I Survivorship Curve

High probability of survival early in life, low survival later in life

Usually mammals

Type II Survivorship Curve

Survival is not dependent on age (probability is constant)

Some insects, birds, lab organisms

Type III Survivorship Curve

Low probability of survival early in life, high survival later in life

Sea turtles

Organisms would have alot of babies to increase in order to increase the likelihood that one survives

Age structure

Numbers/percentages of individuals in each age class of the population

Viewed in terms of ability

Increasing/growing population pyramid

Broad base in pre-productive ages (bottom)

Stable population pyramid

Roughly equal numbers of individuals within each age class

Decreasing/declining population pyramid

Most individuals in post-reproductive class (top)

Least in pre-productive class (bottom)

Survivorship

Probability of surviving, varies with age

Fecundity

Reproductive output of an individual (# of offspring/female)

Age-specific fecundity

How each age class contributes to population growth

Net reproductive rate

Expected # of offspring of a female during her life time

R > 1

Population growing in size

R = 1

Population is stable

R < 1

Population is decreasing in size

R

Sum of average fecundity in each age class

Trophic Structure

The organization of a community based on feeding relationships

Trophic Level

Position on the food chain

Producers

Autotrophs; primarily photosynthetic organisms

Primary Consumers

Organisms that feed on producers

Secondary Consumers

Organisms that eat primary consumers

Tertiary Consumer

Organisms that eat secondary consumers

Decomposer

Organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients from dead organic matter

Food Web

A graphic of the feeding relationship among organisms in an ecosystem

Ecological Pyramid

A graphic of the trophic structure of an an ecosystem in which numbers/biomass are represented

As the pyramid goes up

Number of organisms decreases

Biomass decreases

Plant biomass

is not completely convertible into animal biomass because it is indigestible

Heat and excrement

Energy can be lost as

Decomposers

can reclaim some of the lost energy

Less biomass

Less energy at higher trophic levels =

Competitive dominance hierarchy

Graphic representation of competitive relationships

Share the resource by partitioning

Multiple organisms using one resource

Do not partition resource

Multiple organisms not using one resource

Different niche = no partitioning

Multiple organisms using one resource but in different ways

Most competitive

Organisms with the most arrows pointing at it is the

Habitat

The physical space occupied by an organism

Niche

The ecological role of an organism and how it interacts with its environment

Biotic Factors

Organisms in the environment (living things as a whole)

Abiotic Factors

Non-living components of the environment (rocks, dirt, etc)

Keystone Species

A species that has disproportionately large impact on its ecological community compared to its low abundance

Keystone predators

Top predators that have a large impact on the ecosystem

Natural Selection

Natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment

Natural Variability

Some individuals are better suited to the environment than others

Adaptive Traits

Traits that give them an natural advantage, more likely to survive and reproduce to pass down these traits

Variation

Some traits are better suited for the environment than others

Heritability

Part of the phenotype (physical characteristics) that is genetically based and is capable of being inherited

Non-random Survival and Reproduction

Organisms who happen to be best suited to the environment survive and reproduce

Mutations =

Random

Natural Selection =

NOT random

Natural selection doesn’t:

cause favorable traits to appear in the population

Natural selection picks

amongst existing variants that arise by mutation and happen to be favorable

allele frequencies =

evolution

Gene Flow

Exchange of genes by migration between two populations

Populations that continue to exchange genes

will have similar gene pools

When populations are separated:

speciation is likely to occur

Speciation

evolutionary process by which populations become a new, distinct species

Genetic Drift

Random changes in gene frequency due to sampling error

Population size is low

gene frequency will vary erratically