Human Physiology BIOS 3450 exam 2

Which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle would occur during the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?

XYZ

MNO

RST

GHI

All of the above

None of the above

All of the above

If the muscle were at rest, then the status of actin and myosin would be most simmilar to which of the following partsof the cross bridge cycle?

X

Z

M

O

R

Z

match the following with the appropriate part of this figure

# of MU recruited

force

MU with type I fibers

MU with Type 1lA fibers C.U

MU with type IIX fibers

Y

X

T

U

V

Y

X

T

U

V (all are in order)

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and we break down a great deal of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands.

Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP production in active skeletal muscle?

a. All of these ARE true

b. Aerobic/oxidative energy systems have the greatest total capacity for generating ATP

c. Aerobic/oxidative energy systems cannot make ATP as quickly as our main anaerobic energy systems

d. The ATP-PCr system can only generate ATP at high rates for 5-10 seconds in most subjects

e. The ATP-PCr system is our fastest means of producing ATP

a. All of these ARE true

______ are a type of proprioreceptor that initiates the inverse stretch reflex.

A. Ruffini endings

B. Group Ill and IV afferents

C. Golgi Tendon Organs

D. None of these answers is correct

E. Muscle spindles

C. Golgi tendon organs

Which of the following is/are NOT true about how our nervous system (NS) can vary force production by the muscle?

The NS can vary the number of active motor units; using multiple motor unit summation, which allows for 20-25x variation in force production by a muscle

The NS can vary the frequency of firing of motor units by twitch summation, which allows for a 3-5x variation in force production by the muscle

The NS can vary the number of individual muscle fibers being stimulated, which allows for ~1,000 fold variation in force production by a muscle

All of the above ARE true

None of the above

The NS can vary the number of individual muscle fibers being stimulated, which allows for ~1,000 fold variation in force production by a muscle

Which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension?

It is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle

It contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP

Elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension

All of the above ARE true

A&C

All of the above ARE true

The animal kingdom provides many examples of outstanding performance that can help us better understand human muscle performance. Match the descriptions below

with the animal that best reflects this muscle characteristic:

outstanding ability to use glycoltyic metabolism

ability to turn muscle on and off very rapidly

not much actin and myosin in their muscle fibers because their flight requires a lot of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

maintains muscle mass and quality fairly well during prolonged inactivity

very rapid muscle "training" gains after prolonged inactivity

increases in locomotor speed don't require increases in VO2 becuase of a great ability to use elastic components of the muscle

All Answer Choices

A. cheetah running muscles

B. hummingbird flight muscle

C. 13 lined ground squirrel

D, rattlesnake tail muscle

E. california sea lion

F domestic dog

G, the eared rebe, a migratory bird

H, kangaroo

In order:

A

D

B

C

G

H

Which of the following is/are NOT true about arrhythmias?

In tachycardia R interval would be below 0.6 seconds

In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds

In a third degree AV block there would be no association between P waves and QRS complexes

A PVC would not have a P wave before it and the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds

In Atrial fibrillation, there would be no P waves and there would be an irregular R interval

three of the above

In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds

The SA Node normally serves as the pacemaker of the heart. Which of the following is/are true about the electrical activity of these pacemaker cells?

a. The pacemaker cells begin to depolarize, in part, due to opening of "funny" voltage gated Na+ channels

b. They begin to depolarize as soon as they repolarize

c. Once the pacemaker cells start to depolarize, the permeability to calcium increases, causing further depolarization

d. All of these are true

e. None of these are true

f. The depolarization phase of their action potential is associated with an influx of calcium, not sodium like most other electrically excitable cells

g. The pacemaker cells begin to depolarize, in part, due to a decrease in potassium permeability

d. All of these are true

The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with

a. nicotinic receptors

b. Beta-1-adrenergic receptors

c. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors

d. alpha-adrenergic receptors

e muscarinic receptors

b. Beta-1-adrenergic receptors

P, Q,R, S, T, P, Q, R, S, T, P. Q, R, S. T,

The EKG is a highly reproducible event occurring approximately 70 times per minute, 60 minutes per hour, 24 hours per

day, 365.25 days per year. What properties of the heart make these electrical events so regular and consistent?

a. The Frank-Starling Law of the heart - the heart beats stronger if more blood is returned to it.

b. functional syncitium - when one cardiac muscle fiber depolarizes, its neighboring cells depolarize due to the presence of gap junctions between cardiac

muscle cells

C. conduction system - the heart has an organized conduction system that insures the appropriate timing of electrical impulse spreading through the heart

d. the connection between blood flow and electrical events - when blood flows from the atria to the ventricles it triggers ventricular depolarization

e. Regular neural stimulation of the heart - the heart beats every time the nervous system stimulates it

f. Automaticity - The heart electrically stimulates itself regularly due to the electrical activity of the pacemaker cells.

B, C, F

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA Node?

a. Dobutamine, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist

b. Curare

c. Butaxamine, a type of beta2-antagonist (blocker)

d Atropine

e. Atenolol, a type of beta 1-antagonist (blocker)

e. Atenolol, a type of beta 1-antagonist (blocker)

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?

a. increase Ca2+ efflux

b increase K+ influx

c. increase Ca2+ influx

d, decrease Ca2+ influx

e. three of these answers would happen

f. increase K+ efflux

c. increase Ca2+ influx

Which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle would occur during the latent period of a muscle twitch?

XYZ

RST

MNO

GHI

A of the above

None of the above

None of the above

At the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. Which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity?

A, resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise

B. resting muscle ATP concentrations are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production

C. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise

D aerobic metabolism is able to increase its activity to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise

E. A& C

F. B& C

F. B& C

Which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension?

It is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle

It contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP

Elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension

All of the above ARE true

A& C

All of the above ARE true

The sarcomere corresponds to which point on this length-tension curve? (%of max force / sarcomere length graph)

X

Y

Z

W

3.8um

Y

The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle?

the largest motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when we need to produce a lot of force)

we would mostly be using type I fibers at low intensities

to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units

to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated

All of the above ARE true

three of the above

All of the above ARE true

______ are a type of proprioceptor that plays an important role in the reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle groups. This receptor detects changes in _____

a. muscle spindles, tension

b. none of these

c. golgi tendon organs, tension

d. golgi tendon organs, length of the muscle

e. muscle spindles, length of the muscle

e. muscle spindles, length of the muscle

If a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length EXCEPT:

the distance between Z-lines

the H zone

the I band

the A band

two of the above

the A band

When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?

a, decrease Ca2+ influx

b. increase K+ efflux

c. increase K+ influx

d. increase Ca2+ efflux

e. two of these answers would happen

f increase Ca2+ influx

e. two of these answers would happen

If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?

a. a positive inotropic effect

b. a negative inotropic effect

c. none of these answers

d. a negative chronotropic effect

e, a positive chronotropic effect

a. a positive inotropic effect

e, a positive chronotropic effect

Which of the following is/are NOT true about arrhythmias?

In tachycardia RR interval would be below 0.6 seconds

In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds

In a third degree AV block there would be no association between P waves and QRS complexes

A PVC would not have a P wave before it and the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds

In Atrial fibrillation, there would be no P waves and there would be an irregular RR interval

three of the above

In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds

If a drug has a positive chronotropic effect, this means that:

it increases the strength of cardiac contraction

it increases heart rate

it increases the rate of relaxation

it increases conduction velocity

None of the above

it increases heart rate

Which of the following is/are true about the PR interval?

It is normally 0.12-0.20 seconds in duration

An AV block would likely cause it to be longer than 0.20 seconds

It is normally 0.08-0.12 seconds in duration

A bundle branch block is a possible reason for it to be longer than 0.12 seconds

A&B

B & C

A&B

Force and movement would be caused by which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle?

XYZ

RST

MNO

GHI

all of the above

None of the above

RST

Which of the following best describes the regulation of smooth muscle contraction?

a. None of these

b. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, Ca2+ binds with Calmodulin, Myosin Light Chain Kinase gets activated, Myosin Light Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts

C. Ca2+ enters mostly from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Ca2+ binds with Calmodulin, Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase gets activated, Myosin Light Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts

D. Ca2+ enters mostly from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Ca2+ binds with IP3, Myosin Heavy Chain Kinase gets activated, Myosin Heavy Chains get

phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts

b. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, Ca2+ binds with Calmodulin, Myosin Light Chain Kinase gets activated, Myosin Light Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts

The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle?

the motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when we need to produce a lot of force)

we would mostly be usina type I fibers at low intensities

to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units

to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated

All of the above ARE true

three of the above

All of the above ARE true

Calcium is critical for signaling contraction in all types of muscle. What is true about calcium regulation in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

a. in cardiac muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels

b. in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a voltage sensor

c. in cardiac muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors

d. in skeletal muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors

e. only 4 of these are true

in skeletal muscle, essentially all of the calcium signaling contraction is from the SR, In cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and

some from the ECF

g. all of these ARE true

g. all of these ARE true

Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA Node?

a. Atenolol, a type of beta 1-antagonist (blocker)

b. Curare

c. Atropine

d Butaxamine, a type of beta2-antagonist (blocker)

e. Dobutamine, a beta adrenergic receptor agonist

a. Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

The part of the EKG that could best be used to determine heart rate is the

a. TP interval

b. RR interval

c. QRS interval

d. QT interval

e. PR interval

b. RR interval

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?

a. increase Ca2+ efflux

b. increase Ca2+ influx

c, three of these answers would happen

d increase K+ influx

e. decrease Ca2+ influx

f, increase K+ efflux

b. increase Ca2+ influx

A drug that has a negative chronotropic effect on the heart would do which of the following?

a. slow down conduction velocity

b. decrease the strength of cardiac contraction

c. speed up conduction velocity

d. increase heart rate

e. decrease heart rate

f. increase the strength of cardiac contraction

e. decrease heart rate

When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?

a. three of these answers would happen

b. decrease DAG

c. decrease cAMP

d. decrease IP3

e. increase cAMP

f. increase IP3

c. decrease cAMP

Since the start of the semester we have discussed several drugs that are used to treat various conditions. Which of the following statements is NOT completely true?

a. B2-agonists can dilate airways and be used to help treat asthma

b. Levdopa (L-Dopa) can be used to increase dopamine In the basal ganglia and can be used to treat Parkinsonà s disease

c. SSRIs can be used to treat depression; they decrease serotonin levels in the brain

d. Cocaine increases dopamine levels in the brain, which can result in desensitization of target neurons, and this increased tolerance to dopamine may contribute to addiction

e. All of these ARE true

c. SSRIs can be used to treat depression; they decrease serotonin levels in the brain

Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a

diastolic blood pressure > ________mmHg

80

If your subject had an end diastolic volume of 150ml and an end systolic volume of

50ml, a blood pressure of 200/90, a QT interval of 0.33 seconds, and an RR interval of

0.5 seconds, which of the following is/are NOT true?

Answers:

a. Their heart rate is 120 beats per minute

b. Their ejection fraction is around 33%

c. Their rate pressure product is 24,000

d Two of these answers

e. Their cardiac output is 12 liters per minute

b. Their ejection fraction is around 33%

Based on pre-2017 guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a diastolic

blood pressure mmHg

90

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.3, a heart rate of 111, and a blood pressure of

178/99. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

110.8

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 80, their end

diastolic volume is 137, and their cardiac output is 5.8

72.5

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not mi), if your subject's heart rate is 69

and they have an end systolic volume of 45 and an end diastolic volume of 156? (no

units required)

7.7

Put the following events of ventricular systole in order (Note: some events are not presented here)

ventricular muscle cells depolarize

calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through

dihydropyridine receptors

calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through

ryanodine receptors

pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure

in the atria

first heart sound occurs

pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure

in the aorta

1st (already in order)

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

Which heart sound is associated with closing of the semilunar valves?

a, third

b, first

c second

d. fourth

e, fifth

C. Second

Which heart sound is heard near the end of ventricular diastole (but before the

ventricles contract)?

1st heart sound

1st Korotkoff sound

4th heart sound

5th Korotkoff sound

2nd heart sound

4th Korotkoff sound

swish

3rd heart sound

whistle

two of these answers

4th heart sound

Match the following with the appropriate parts of this figure: (left ventricular pressure / left ventricular volume graph)

End Diastolic Volume

Ventricular ejection

Ventricular Filling

End Systolic Volume

Stroke Volume

Ejection Fraction

S

U

P

N

60

Between 50 and 55

Which of the following pressures best represents the left ventricular pressure tracing?

N

M2

L1

M1

L2

N

Which of the following pressures best represents the left atrial pressure tracing?

M1

N

M2

L2

L1

M1

The ventricles would be ejecting blood during what part of this figure?

Between points W and X

Between points V and X

Between points X and Y

Between points W and X

which of the following are true about blood clots and heart attacks

a clot associated with the blood vessel wall is called a thrombus

a free-floating clot is called a embolus

the process by which a clot becomes free-floating and gets lodged i

a blood vessel is called thromboembolism

all of the above

two of the above

all of the above

The parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with in the SA Node

a, nicotinic receptors

b. muscarinic receptors

c. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors

Beta-1-adrenergic receptors

e. alpha-adrenergic receptors

b. muscarinic receptors

Which of the following is/are true about the ventricular ejection period?

a. The T wave would start somewhere during this period

b. the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the vetricles

c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing

d. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

e, the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing

f the semilunar valves are closed

g, the AV valves are closed

h, the pressure in the aorta initially increases

i, the AV valves are open

J. the semilunar valves are open

A.

E.

G.

H.

J.

Point O on this figure is the _____

a opening of the AV valves

b, dicrotic notch

c. closing of the AV valves

d mean arterial pressure

e, pulse pressure

F. Systolic blood pressure

F. Systolic blood pressure

For a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo- or hypertension), M on this figure would be approximately:

a <60

B. 120

C. >140

D. 80

120

in the atherosclerotic process, when macrophages pick up oxidized

LDLs, they become _______ cells

Foam

When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result

in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?

a. increase cAMP

b. increase IP3

C. decrease cAMP

d decrease IP3

e. decrease DAG

f three of these answers would happen

a. increase cAMP

If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect

to observe which of the following?

a. an increase in contractility

b, a decrease in heart rate

c. an increase in AV nodal delay

dan increase in heart rate

e none of these answers

a. an increase in contractility

c. an increase in AV nodal delay

The fourth heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle?

a, closing of the semilunar valves

b. when there is mitral regurgitation

C. closing of the AV valves

d. during late filling of the ventricle when the atria contract

d. during late filling of the ventricle when the atria contract

Which heart sound is heard during early filling of the ventricles?

4th Korotkoff sound

2nd heart sound

1 st Korotkoff sound

5th Korotkoff sound

swish

han

1st heart sound

3rd heart sound

4th heart sound

whistle

two of these answers

3rd heart sound

Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.3, a heart rate of 111, and a blood

pressure of 178/99. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use

mI, not L)

110.8

If we increased stroke volume, we would expect which of the following to

increase the most?

Q

T

None

R

N

Q

Which of the following labels (M-X) and terms are mis-matched

X. stroke volume

S. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

V. End Diastolic Volume

W. End Systolic Volume

R, closing of AV valves

T, opening of the semilunar valves

All of the above ARE true

Three of the above

S. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Which of the following is/are correct?

a. During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, the left ventricular

volume is decreasing

b. During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

C. During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, both valves are open

d. During the filling period, the left ventricular volume is

decreasing

b. During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

Based on current (after 2017) quidelines hypertension could be diagnosed

based on a systolic blood pressure >_________ mmHg

130

What is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?

80

What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 65 and they

have an end systolic volume of 62 and an end diastolic volume of 160? (no

units required)

61.3

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate

is 75 and they have an end systolic volume of 57 and an end diastolic volume of

143? (no units required)

6.45

If your subject had aortic stenosis we would hear an extra sound at what point?

A. between points W and X

B. Between points V & W

C. At time point x

D between points X and V

E. At time point W

A. between points W and X

The ventricles would be ejecting blood during what part of this figure?

A between points X and Y

B between points V and X

c between points V and W

D, between points W and X

E between points Y and V

D, between points W and X

At what time point on this figure would the QRS complex occur?

A. At time point V

B. At time point X

c At time point y

D. between points W and X

E. At time point W

A. At time point V

If your subject's end systolic volume was 50 ml and their end diastolic volume was 200 ml, then their ejection fraction would approximately:

A. 67%

B. 33%

C 25%

D. 67%

E. 75%

E. 75%

Filling of the ventricles would take place during what part of this figure?

A. between points X and Y

B between points V and X

C. between points V and W

D. between points W and X

E. between points Y and V

E. between points Y and V

At what time point on this figure would the second heart sound occur?

A. At time point X

B. At time point W

C. At time point V

D. between points W and X

E. At time point Y

A. At time point X

The neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is___________

a, this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart

two of these answers

epinephrine

d. acetylcholine

e. norepinephrine

e. norepinephrine

The neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA Node is

a. two of these answers

b. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart

c. acetylcholine

d. norepinephrine

e. epinephrine

c. acetylcholine

S on this figure is the ______

a. opening of the AV valves

b. systolic blood pressure

c. mean arterial pressure

d. dicrotic notch

e. closing of the AV valves

f. pulse pressure

G. 120 mmHg

c. mean arterial pressure

Dashed line S is cloer to R than O because:

a. more time is spent in diastole than systole

b. we spend more time in systole than diastole

c. because most filling of the ventricles is passive

d. it is in the wrong place, it shouldb be halfway between R and O

e none of these

a. more time is spent in diastole than systole

What is your subject's stroke volume (in mi, not L) if their heart rate is 55, their end diastolic volume is 146, and their cardiac output is 5.2

94.5

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 62 and they have an end systolic volume of 62 and an end diastolic volume of 148? (no units required)

5.3

Your subject has a cardiac output of 14.6, a heart rate of 115, and a blood pressure of 144/94. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

126

Based on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of ____ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)

130

What is a typical value for systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?

120

Which of the following is/are true about the second heart sound?

a, it is caused by closing of the AV valves

b. it is associated with the beginning of the ejection period

c. only two of these answers

d all of these answers

e. it occurs when the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the aorta

f it would be the first sound right after/during the QRS complex

e. it occurs when the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the aorta

Which heart sound is heard shortly after the AV valves open?

4th Korotkoff sound

1st Korotkoff sound

whistle

SWISA

4th heart sound

3rd heart sound

5th Korotkoff sound

and heart sound

1st heart sound

3rd heart sound

Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling?

a the pressure in the aorta is decreasing

the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing

c. the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasina

the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

the Av valves are closen

f, the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle

g. I observed, the third heart sound occurs

the semilunar valves are open

i. the semilunar valves are closed

j. the AV valves are open

A, c, f, g, i, j

If observed, we would expect to hear S3 where relative to these points?

A. Midway between points V and W

B. Midway between points W and X

C. after time point Y

D. before time point V

E Between points X and Y

C. after time point Y

Which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

a, the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing

b. the semilunar valves are open

c. it begins when the second heart sound occurs

d, the pressure in the ventricle is increasing

e. the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant

f the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing

g. the semilunar valves are closed

h, the AV valves are closed

i. the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing

j, the AV valves are open

C, e, g, h, i

What is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml), if your subject's heart rate is 68 and they have an end systolic volume of 54 and an end diastolic volume of 149? (no units required)

6.46

What is your subject's stroke volume (in ml, not L) if their heart rate is 81, their end diastolic volume is 142, and their cardiac output is 4.9

60.5

For a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo- or hypertension), M on this figure would be approximately:

a. 90

b. >140

c. 120

d none of these answers

e. 100

F. <60

G. 80

C. 120

Which of the following is/are true of myocardial ischemia

it can be caused by a decrease in oxygen delivery to the myocardium

it can be caused by a failure to increase oxygen delivery to the heart when there is a high myocardial oxygen demand

the classic symptom of myocardial ischemia is angina pectoris

all of the above

only two of the above

all of the above

What is a typical value for stroke volume in a healthy adult human (in mL)?

70

After collecting data from your subject you find that every heart beat there are about fifty milliliters of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole, their heart is beating 100 times per minute and their heart is pumping out fifteen liters of blood per minute. which of the following is/are true:

A.Their end systolic volume is 100 ml

b. Their ejection fraction is approximately 75%

c. Their stroke volume is about 100 ml

d. All of these ARE true

e. Their end diastolic volume is 50ml

b. Their ejection fraction is approximately 75%

The neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is

a, this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart

b. two of these answers

c. epinephrine

d acetylcholine

e. norepinephrine

a, this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart

Your subject has a cardiac output of 14.0, a heart rate of 148, and a blood pressure of 178/89. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)

94.6

During the period of isovolumetric ventricular

contraction:

A the pressure in the atria is lower than the

pressure in the ventricle

B the pressure in the aorta is higher than the

pressure in the ventricle

C the mitral valve is closed

D the aortic semilunar valve is closed

E all of the above

F two of the above

e. all of the above

Which labels on this Wigger's diagram are incorrect?

A Ventricular Systole and Ventricular Diastole

B End Diastolic Volume and End Systolic Volume

C Left Atrial Pressure and Left Ventricular Pressure

D Ventricular Filling Phase and Ejection Phase

E A&C

F B& D

E A & C

If your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was

150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the

following would be true?

A Their Stroke Volume would be 100ml

B Their Ejection Fraction would be 67%

C Their Cardiac Output would be 10 L/min

D All of the above

E Only two of the above

D All of the above

Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type B-

A

Rh

none of these

B

anti-Rh

anti-A

anti-B

Anti-Rh

Anti-a

In the ABO and Rh systems, a blood type that would only lack A antigens and

Rh antigens

B-