Age of Exploration and Colonial America

Christopher Columbus

Discovered the Americas in 1492, leading to widespread European exploration and colonization.

Ferdinand Magellan

Led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, proving the vastness of the Earth.

Iroquois Confederacy

The union between 5 tribes, stretched along the St. Lawrence River in today’s state of New York and Canada.

Council of Fifty

Helped guide the Iroquois Confederacy, with women as key leaders.

Genoa

The city in Italy where Christopher Columbus grew up.

Hispaniola

The first island where Columbus settled during his voyages.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

The monarchs who agreed to finance Columbus's voyage.

Ponce de Leon

The first explorer to set foot in what is now the United States.

Pedro Menendez

Founder of St. Augustine and determined to allow only Catholics in the territory.

St. Augustine

Established in 1565; the oldest city in the United States.

Santa Fe

Founded in 1610; the second oldest city in the United States.

Historiography

The study of how history is recorded and interpreted.

John Wycliffe

An English reformer associated with the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

King Henry VIII

Pulled England out of the Catholic Church and established his own church.

Spanish Armada

A fleet of Spanish ships sent to conquer England, defeated in 1588.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in America, settled in 1607.

John Smith

A leader of the Jamestown colony.

Pocahontas

Native American woman associated with the Jamestown colony, known for her connection with John Smith.

Separatists/Pilgrims

A group that wanted to completely separate from the Church of England and settled Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Mayflower

The ship that brought the Pilgrims to America.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement to govern their colony fairly and cooperatively.

Puritans

Sought to purify the Church of England and settled Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Winthrop

Leader of the Puritans and promoted the idea of a 'City on a Hill' as a moral example.

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachusetts for advocating religious freedom; founded Rhode Island.

Native Americans (US 1492)

Estimated 2 to 10 million lived in what is now the U.S. before Columbus arrived.

Iroquois Confederacy Location

Found in New York along the St. Lawrence River.

Native American Staples (Southwest)

Corn, beans, squash (the 'Three Sisters').

Native American Staples (Great Plains)

Bison, maize.

Pacific Northwest Staple

Salmon was a staple food for Native Americans.

Columbus Birthplace

Born in what is now Genoa, Italy.

Jamestown Settlement State

Located in the present-day state of Virginia.

Plimouth Colony State

The Pilgrims settled in what is now Massachusetts.

Protestant Reformation Impact

Motivated Pilgrims and Puritans to seek religious freedom in the New World.

England's Protestant Transition

Initiated by King Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church in the 1530s.

Spanish Armada Defeat

Significant shift in naval power after England's victory in 1588.

Separatist Beliefs

Wanted to form independent churches separate from the Church of England.

Puritan Goals

To reform the Church of England rather than separate from it.

Focus on Education

Believed in the importance of reading the Bible, leading to the establishment of schools.