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What do people with a bipolar disorder experience?
Both the lows of depression and the highs of mania
Approximately _____ of people with bipolar disorder eventually end their own lives
10 to 15 percent
What are the criteria for diagnosing Bipolar Disorders?
Criteria 1: Manic episode
Three or more symptoms of mania lasting one week or more
Criteria 2: History of mania
If currently experiencing hypomania or depression
What 2 kinds of bipolar disorder does the DSM-5 distinguish?
Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder
What is Bipolar I disorder?
Full manic and major depressive episodes. Some experience alternation of episodes or mixed episodes.
What is Bipolar II disorder?
Hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes. Typically less severe and does not caused marked distress.
What is cyclothymic disorder?
When a person experiences numerous episodes of hypomania and mild depressive symptoms. Mild symptoms for 2 or more years, interrupted by periods of normal mood. This affects at least 0.4% of the population.
Individuals experience _____ more than ______.
Depression; mania
What is BPD?
A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion.
Between ______ of all adults in the world suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time, and as many as _____ over the course of their lives
1-2.8%; 4.4%
What is common with Bipolar disorder?
Bipolar I seems to be more common than Bipolar II
The disorders are equally common in women and men
The disorders are more common among people with low incomes than those with high incomes
What causes Bipolar disorders?
NT activity
Ion activity
Brain structure
Genetic factors
Permissive Theory
Low serotonin permits a fluctuation of other NTs, it
opens the door to a mood disorder
Low serotonin + low NE = Depression
Low serotonin + High NE = Mania
Ion Activity
Ions are needed to send incoming messages to nerve endings, may be improperly transported through cells of individual with bipolar disorders
Irregularities in the transport of these ions may cause neurons to fire too easily (mania) or to stubbornly resist firing (depression)
Brain Structure
Brain imaging and postmortem studies have identified a number of abnormal brain structures in people with bipolar disorder; in particular, the basal ganglia and cerebellum among others
Genetic Factors
Identical (MZ) twins = 40% likelihood
Fraternal (DZ) twins and siblings = 5% to 10% likelihood
General population = 1 to 2.6% likelihood
Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Lithium and Mood stabilizers
More than ______ of patients with mania improve on mood stabilizers.
60%
Clinicians often use psychotherapy as ______. Why?
Adjunct because psychotherapy alone is rarely helpful with bipolar disorder.
Are mood stabilizing drugs sufficient?
No, 30% or more of patients do not respond and may not receive the correct dose.
