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Brain stem
Structure that consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Diencephalon
Structure that consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Medulla oblongata
Structure that contains centers that regulate autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing (respiratory rhythm)
Pons
Name that structure that together with the medulla oblongata help control breathing (respiratory rhythm).
Superior colliculi
Structures of the tectum that are reflex centers of movement of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli
Inferior colliculi
Structures of the tectum that are reflex centers for movements of the head and body in response to auditory stimuli.
Hypothalamus
Name the brain structure that regulates body temperature, thirst, and hunger.
Cerebellum
Following a train accident, a man with an obvious head injury was observed stumbling about the scene. An inability to walk properly and loss of balance were quite obvious. What brain region was injured?
Cerebral peduncle
Name the structure in the midbrain that contains
the substantia nigra.
Parkinson's disease
An elderly woman is admitted to the hospital to have a gallbladder operation. While she is being cared for, the nurse notices that she has trouble initiating movement and has a strange tremor of her hands. What is a possible diagnosis
Substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease results from the degeneration of neurons within the ______ that secrete the neurotransmitter known as dopamine at the basal nuclei.
Dopamine
Parkinson's disease results from the degeneration of neurons within the Substantia nigra that secrete the neurotransmitter known as ______________ at the basal nuclei.
Medulla oblongata
Contains centers that regulate autonomic functions such as: Cardiovascular center (Heart rate and blood pressure
Basal Nuclei
Name the set of nuclei deep within the white matter of the brain that doesn't initiate movements but once voluntary movement is underway, this nuclei assist in the pattern and rhythm of movement patterns.
Midbrain
That portion of the brain that contains the "four bodies" known as the corpora quadrigemina and cerebral peduncles is the ________________________
Electroencephalogram
A 28-year old man is brought to the emergency room after suffering a terrible fall from the roof of his house. The doctor records his brain waves to try to determine the area of the brain affected. What is the name of the test used to measure the brain waves?
Alpha waves
Type of brain waves produced when person is awake and relaxed with the eyes are closed.
Theta waves
Type of brain wave patter produced in newborn infant and sleeping adults. In adults may indicate deep concentration, sleep deprivation, severe emotional stress and possible nervous breakdown.
Beta waves
Type of brain waves by visual stimuli and mental activity or alertness.
Delta waves
A 28-year old man is brought to the emergency room after suffering a terrible fall from the roof of his house. The doctor records his brain waves to try to determine the area of the brain affected. The brain waves indicate sever brain damage. Indicate the type of brain wave pattern that would be indicative of sever brain damage?
Cerebrospinal fluid
A spinal tap (lumbar puncture) involves removal of a fluid known as ________ from the subarachnoid space.
Subarachnoid
A spinal tap (lumbar puncture) involves removal of a fluid known as CSF from the ______________ space.
Cerebrum
Name of the largest part of the brain
Medulla oblongata
Contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts that link the spinal cord to the brain. - Where fiber tracts cross over
Ventricles
The cavities within the brain are called ____________
Brainstem
The medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons make up this structure
Thalamus
The portion of the brain acting primarily as a relay center through which all sensory information (except smell) passes on the way to the cerebrum
Pineal gland
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by what structure?
Choroid plexus
Structure that secretes CSF
Corpus callosum
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a fiber tract called the ____________
500 ml/day
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted at a rate of approximately
Arachnoid villi
Excess cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the venous circulation by structures called the ___________________ or arachnoid granulations.
Cerebellum
Coordination and refinement of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level (example: playing tennis) are performed by what brain structure?
Frontal lobe
Brain lobe that functions in reasoning; higher intellectual processes (decision making, planning), personality, and consciousness;
Parietal lobe
Brain lobe that functions in somatosensory interpretation (cutaneous and muscular sensations) - Interpretation of textures and shapes
Temporal lobe
Brain lobe that functions in the interpretation of auditory sensations - Memory storage of sounds and visual experiences
Occipital lobe
Brain lobe that functions in Vision - Integration of movements for focusing the eye. - Interpretation of visual images
Limbic system
Includes nuclei and tracts along the border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon and function as the center for basic emotional drives - The "emotional brain". - Motivation; goal directed behavior; Fear; Aggression; Sex drive. Also processes memory storage and retrieval.
Dura mater
The tough outer covering of the spinal cord
Blood brain barrier
Protects brain cells from harmful substances and consists of tightly sealed blood capillaries and surrounding astrocytes (neuroglial cell)
Reflex
Involuntary action that occurs in response to a stimulus.
Optic nerve
Nerve that functions in vision
Trigeminal nerve
Nerve that gives rise to the ophthalamic nerve, maxillary nerve,and mandibular nerve
Vagus nerve
Cranial nerve number X
Vestibulocochlear
Nerve that functions in equilibrium and hearing
Gyri
Name of the folds in the cortex that function to increase the surface area
Reticular activating system
Maintains cerebral cortical alertness. Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex keeping the cortex alert. - Filters out repetitive stimuli from sensory inputs such as pressure from your watch, clothes, etc.
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin
Diencephalon
Region that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland
Cerebellum
The arbor vitae or "tree of life" is in what structure?
Gray matter
Consists of unmyelinated axons and dendrites
Pyramids
The medulla oblongata contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts that link the spinal cord to the brain. Most (90%) tracts cross over from one side of the spinal cord to the other side at an elevated structure in the medulla called the _____________
Pons
Structure in the brain that bridges or acts as a relay station for information transfer between the cerebrum and cerebellum and spinal cord. Together with the medulla oblongata help control breathing (respiratory rhythm).
Dopamine
The substantia nigra neurons help coordinate skeletal muscle activity. These neurons release the neurotransmitter known as _________________ at the basal nuclei
Ataxia
The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by trauma or stroke or temporarily affected by drugs such as alcohol. Damage produces ______________, which is a lack of coordination and disturbance in balance.
Hypothalamus
Name the structure in the brain that regulates body temperature (body's thermostat)
Hypothalamus
Name the structure in the brain that contains osmoreceptors which become activated and trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary that causes the kidneys to retain water. Also causes person to feel thirsty and drink more fluids.
Broca's Area
Name the are of the frontal lobe that directs muscles of tongue, lips, and throat that are used in speech production and Involved in planning speech production. Usually located in the left hemisphere
Broca's aphasia
Name of the speech disorder caused by damage to area of brain due to trauma or stroke. Person's speech is slow and poorly articulated (nonfluent) but they can understand speech. Can understand a sentence but have difficulty repeating it.
Frontal lobotomy
Surgical procedure severing the connection between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain.
Reasoning for procedure was that this area was somehow malformed or damaged, and if the nerves were severed they might regenerate into new, healthy connections.
The main indications for this procedure included severe chronic anxiety, depression with risk of suicide, incapacitating obsessive-compulsive disorder and high levels of aggression.
Wernicke's area
Name the brain area involved in language (speech) comprehension and understanding written language.
Wernicke's aphasia
Damage to which area of the brain results in an aphasia where the speech of the person is rapid and fluid but without meaning - words are jumbled like a "word salad".
Dura mater
The order of meninges from outermost to innermost is __________________, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
Arachnoid mater
The order of meninges from outermost to innermost is dura mater, __________________, pia mater.
Pia mater
The order of meninges from outermost to innermost is dura mater, arachnoid mater, _________________________
Lumbar
A spinal tap is usually performed in the lower back, in the _______________ region between L3 and L4.
Cauda equina
During a spinal tap the cerebrospinal fluid can be accessed most safely in the lumbar area. Below the first or second lumbar vertebrae (L1 or L2) the spinal cord terminates (conus medularis). Nerves continue down the spine below this, but in a loose bundle of nerve fibers called the _____________________. There is lower risk with inserting a needle into the spine at this level because these loose fibers usually move out of the way of the needle without being damaged.
31 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
8 pairs
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
12 pairs
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?
5 pairs
How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
5 pairs
How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
1 pair
How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?
Dorsal root
Concerning the spinal nerves, the __________________ (Dorsal root or Ventral root) caries incoming afferent (sensory) information into the spinal cord
Ventral root
Concerning the spinal nerves, the __________________ (Dorsal root or Ventral root) caries efferent (motor) information out of the spinal cord
Tract
A bundle of axons in the spinal cord is called a _________________
Ascending tracts
Sensory information is carried to the brain along ______________(Descending tracts or Ascending tracts) of the spinal cord
Descending tracts
Efferent (motor) information is carried from the brain along ______________(Descending tracts or Ascending tracts) of the spinal cord
Ventral horn
The ______________________ (Ventral horn, Dorsal horn, Lateral Horn) contain nuclei (cell bodies) of somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.
Dorsal horn
The ______________________ (Ventral horn, Dorsal horn, Lateral horn) contains interneurons, visceral sensory nuclei and somatic sensory nuclei that receive sensory information from axons coming through the dorsal root.
Lateral horn
The ______________________ (Ventral horn, Dorsal horn, Lateral horn) contains nuclei (cell bodies) of autonomic motor (efferent) neurons that innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
Afferent neurons
____________________ or sensory neurons carry impulses toward the CNS
Efferent neurons
__________________ or motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to an effector
Somatic reflex
Type of reflex that involves skeletal muscle
Autonomic reflex
Type of reflex that involves smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or a gland. Also called a visceral reflex.
Dorsal root ganglia
Name the structure along the dorsal root that contains cell bodies of sensory neurons.
First-order neuron
Sensory signals typically travel across three neurons from their origin in the receptors to their destination in the brain. The category of neuron that detect a stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brainstem where it synapses with another neuron is called:
Second-order neuron
Sensory signals typically travel across three neurons from their origin in the receptors to their destination in the brain. The category of neuron that carries the signal to the thalamus is called:
Third-order neuron
Sensory signals typically travel across three neurons from their origin in the receptors to their destination in the brain. The category of neuron that carries the signal from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex is called:
