Session 2 & 3

growth is an

inc in the size of a whole and any of its parts

development is an

orderly series of conditons that lead to activities and patterns of behaviors

most age ranges for milestones are

plus or minus months for less than 2 years of age

these milestones are only ____ ranges

estimated

neurodevelopment proceeds from

cephalic to caudal
proximal to distal
dependence to independence

neurodevelopment - cephalocaudal

babies are able to use their upper limbs first before lower libs

neurodevelopment - proximodistal

babies are able to use their arms first before their fingers

when does this reflex occur? - tracking

3 months

when does this reflex occur? - pulls to sit

4-6 months

when does this reflex occur? - sits only with support

6 months

when does this reflex occur? - holds head up when prone

2 months

when does this reflex occur? - grasp

4 months

when does this reflex occur? - finger foods

15 months

when does this reflex occur? - crawling or scooting over

9 months

when does this reflex occur? - sit unassisted and plays w toys

8 months

when does this reflex occur? - pincer grasps

7-9 months

when does this reflex occur? - reaches for objects

4 months

when does this reflex occur? - pulls to stand

1 yr

when does this reflex occur? - stands well assisted

1 yr

developmental stages - infancy neonate

birth to 28 days

developmental stages - infancy infant

1-12 months

developmental stages - early childhood toddler

1-3 yrs

developmental stages - early childhood preschooler

3-6 yrs

developmental stages - middle childhood school age

6-12 yrs

developmental stages - later childhood prepubertal

10-13 yrs

developmental stages - later childhood adolescent

13-18 yrs

infancy ranges from

birth to 12 months
neonate and infant

early childhood ranges from

1 to 6 yrs
toddler and preschooler

middle school age ranges from

6 to 12 yrs
school age

later childhood ranges from

10 to 18 yrs
prepubertal and adolescent

fine motor milestones- 4 months (2)

Grasps rattle
opens hands and holds hands

fine motor milestones - 6 months (2)

grasps and mouths objects
transfer cubes from one hand to the next

fine motor milestones - 9 months (2)

pokes w finger
shakes, bangs, throws, and drops objects

fine motor milestones - 1 year (3)

Points
bangs blocks together
feeds self

fine motor milestones - 15 months (2)

Stack 2 blocks
feeds self with fingers

fine motor milestones - 18 months (2)

Stacks 3 blocks
uses spoon and cup

fine motor milestones - 2 years (1)

stack 5 blocks

gross motor milestones - 2 months (2)

Some head control
lifts head, neck, upper chest with support on forearms

gross motor milestones - 4 months (2)

Reaches for and bats objects
rolls over stomach to back 

gross motor milestones- 6 months (3)

No head lag when pulled to sit
sits with support
stands when placed

gross motor milestones- 9 months (1)

Plays peek-a-boo or pat-a-cake

gross motor milestones - 1 year (3)

Pulls to stand
cruises
take few steps

gross motor milestones- 15 months (3)

Walks well
stoops
climbs stairs

gross motor milestones - 18 months (3)

Walks backwards
throws ball
pulls toy along ground

gross motor milestones - 2 years (2)

Goes up and down stairs one step at a time
kicks ball

language milestones - 2 months (1)

coos and vocalizes

language milestones - 4 months (4)

Babbles, smiles, laughs, and squeals

language milestones - 6 months (1)

says “dada” or “baba”

language milestones - 9 months (3)

Responds to name
understands few words
babbles

language milestones - 1 year (2)

2-4 words
imitates vocalizations

language milestones - 15 months (2)

3-6 words
understands simple commands

language milestones - 18 months (3)

15-20 words
may use 2 word phrases
imitates words

language milestones - 2 years (2)

Uses at least 20 words
2 word phrases

social/adaptive milestones - 2 months (3)

Smiles responsively
pays attention to voices
shows pleasure with parents

social/adaptive milestones - 4 months (1)

Recognizes parents voice and touch

social/adaptive milestones - 6 months (3)

Self-comforts
smiles, laughs, squeals
shows differential recognition of parents

social/adaptive milestones - 9 months (2)

Feeds self with fingers
may show stranger anxiety

social/adaptive milestones - 1 year (2)

Looks for dropped or hidden objects
waves “bye-bye”

social/adaptive milestones - 15 months (2)

Tells what they want by pulling, pointing, or grunting
listens to story

social/adaptive milestones - 18 months (5)

Follows simple directions
kisses
looks at and names objects
points to body parts
scribbles

social/adaptive milestones - 2 years (2)

Follows 2-step commands
imitates adults

if a child doesn’t speak yet, it means their

fine and gross motor skills are more heightened

This is an example of a 3 month old with - - (3)

normal development
pushes up on arms
hold head up

This is an example of a 3 month old with - - (3)

developmental problems
unable to lift head or push up on arms
stiff legs

This is an example of a 3 month old with - - (4)

developmental problems
pushing back with head
constantly fisted hand and stiff leg on one side
difficult to move out of this position

why are these 3 month developments a safety issue?

bby should begin to roll back to stomach
no side rails
tire out facedown

normal infancy weight

3.5-5.5 kg

how much does a 4-7 month old gain weight?

their weight doubles

how much does a 12 month old gain weight?

their weight triples

height at 12 months will

inc by 50% birth height

neonate’s head circumference compared to chest

head circum is 2 cm larger than chest
= by 12 months

when should an infant’s chest and head circum be =?

1 to 2 yrs

when does the anterior fontanel open?

birth

when does the anterior fontanel close?

12 to 18 months

when does the posterior fontanel open?

birth

when does the posterior fontanel close?

2 to 3 months

nutrition - early infancy (birth to 6 months) (3)

How often = freq
How long = time it takes to breast or formula feed
20 kcal/oz

nutrition - infancy (1 year of age)

liquid to most solid foods

nutrition - infancy (1 year of age)
what are the caloric ranges needed?

100-120 kcal/kg/day

nutrition - infancy (1 year of age)
how much should a one yr old gain in first few months?

20-30 grams a day

why must new foods be introduced slowly?

if bby gets hives, we can know what they’re allergic to

when should solids be introduced?

6 months of age

nutrition and diet management for a 6 month old

Gi tract immaturity
iron-fortified infant cereal and strained fruits, veggies, pureed meats

what to do when breast milk does not provide enough iron and zinc for a 6-9 month old

give fortified cereals and meats

when can juices be introduced? (2)

roughly at 7 months
not recommended bc of sugar, so rinse mouth afterwards

no store bought milk until the age of

1 yrs old

once you start adding foods, do not go

LOW-FAT CRAZY
do not restrict fats under 2 y/o bc a healthy amt of fat is important for brain and nerve development

normal weight for toddler (2)

quadruples from birth weight at 2.5 y/o
growth slows considerably

head circumference for toddler

19.5-20 inches or 49-50 cm

when does a toddler achieve 90% of adult size brain?

2 yrs

anterior fontanelles close at

12-18 months

how much teeth for toddlers

approx 20 deciduous teeth

visual acuity for toddlers

20/40

INFANT - erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (4)

“healthy personality” = self-esteem
infants trust v mistrust
birth - 2 yrs
favorable and unfavorable aspects and progressions

TODDLER - piaget’s theory of cognitive development

“how a child thinks” = intelligence
interaction and adaptation to enviro
infant sensorimotor stage

what is object permanence

obj and ppl cont to exist even when not seen or heard

infants and object permanence

infants do not have obj permanence
obj and ppl do not exist if infants do not see them

what is animism?

toddler cannot tell fake doll from real bby
chair is real when they bump into it

egocentrism in toddlers

me and mine

TODDLER - erikson’s (3)

autonomy v shame and doubt
“increased ability”
ex: picking up own clothes