BIOL 221 - Exam 1 Prep

Top Blues

Hypochondriac region - spleen, parts of diaphragm, liver, kidney, pancreas

Top Yellow

Epigastric region - most of pancreas, parts of stomach, liver, abdominal aorta

Middle Pinks/Red

Flank/Lateral Region - colon

Middle Yellow

Umbilical region - small intestine

Bottom Greens

Inguinal regions - appendix

Middle Purple

Hypogastric/pubic region - urinary bladder, prostate

Meninges - line what?

cranial and spinal(vertebral) cavity

Serous Membranes (serosae) - line what?

body cavity and organ surfaces

Abdominal Cavity - list the organs

spleen, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidneys, small and large intestines, gallbladderPe

Pelvic Cavity - list the orgrans

urinary bladder, rectum, ovaries, adrenal glands

Receptor

detects changes

Control Center

sends command to effector to fix problem detected by receptor

Effector

responds to the change and fixes problem, may overshoot it

Positive Feedback Loop - what does it do?

amplifies what is needed, like sending wbc to fight bacteria

Define Anatomy

the study of the structure and organization of the body

Define Physiology

study of the function of the body

Name this organ system

Integumentary (Skin)

has: nails, hair skin

Name this system

Skeletal System

has: bones, ligaments, associated cartilages

Name this system

muscular system

has: skeletal muscles and tendons

name this system

Respiratory System

has: nose, lungs, trachea, larynx, bronchi

name of system

cardiovascular system

has: heart, blood, arteries, veins

name of system

Lymphatic system

has: lymphatic vessels, lymphs, lymphoid organs

name of system

Urinary System

has: urinary bladder, kidneys, uretha, ureters

name of system

Endocrine System

has: hormone producing glands

name of system

Nervous System

has: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

name of system

Digestive System

has: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Name of system

Male Reproductive System

has: testes, prostate, vesicles

Name of system

Female Reproductive System

has: ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, vulva, uterus

Cephalic

head

Frontal

forehead

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

cervical

neck

acromial

point of shoulder

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

front of elbow

olecranal

back of elbow

carpal

wrist

palmar

hand

digital/phalangeal (upper limb)

fingers

coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

patellar

anterior knee (front knee)

popliteal

posterior (back of) knee

fibular / peroneal

lateral leg

tarsal

ankle

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

digital/phalanges (lower limb)

toes

What 4 elements make up 96% of the body?

Carbon
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon

Define Matter

anything that occupies space and has a mass

Define Chemistry

scientific study of matter and their interactions

What is all matter made up of?

Elements (substances which can not be further broken down into simpler substances)

What are the building blocks of Elements?

Atoms

Sodium (Na)
Atomic Number: 11
Atomic Mass: 23

How many protons, electrons, neutrons?

11 - Protons
11 - Electrons
12 - Neutrons

Molecule

2 or more atoms that are covalently bonded

can be just 1 element, like O2 oxygen

Compounds

substance formed by atoms from two or more elements

like NaCl, CO2H

How many electrons can the 1st shell hold?

2 electrons

How many electrons in shell 2?

8 electrons

Name of the outermost electron shell?

Valence Shell

Rank the 3 types of bonds by strength

Weak - Hydrogen
Middle - Ionic
Strong - Covalent

Ionic bonds

transfer of valence shell electrons, results in ions like Na+ or Cl-

Combine the cation of Na+
and Anion of Cl-

gets you an Ionic bond between NaCl

Covalent Bonds

formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons

Non-polar covalent bonds

electrons shared equally between atoms, are hydrophobic

Polar Covalent Bonds

electrons shared unequally between atoms, are hydrophilic

Hydrogen bond

weak force between slightly + / - areas
not really a bond, more of an attraction

Define Biochemistry

study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

Organic substances

CONTAIN CARBON (c bond to h), usually large and covalently bonded
Examples: carbs, lipids, proteins

Exceptions: CO2 and CO

Inorganic substances

Do not contain carbon
ex: water, salts, acids, bases

What gets dissolved in the body’s water?

organic molecules
inorganic molecules
ions

Electrolytes

ionic compounds that dissolve in water, releasing ions

More Acidic - What happens to H concentration?

More H

More Basic - What happens to H concentration?

Less H

14 on pH Scale

Very Basic

1 on pH Scale

Very Acidic

Buffers

exist to keep balance of pH.
Buffers contain both a weak acid and a weak base.

Bicarbonate ion HCO3-

Weak base to neutralize acid

Carbonic Acid H2CO3

Weak acid to neutralize base

Monosaccharides: one single sugar

Glucose - major fuel for cells
Fructose / Galactose - isomers of glucose
Pentose sugars - found in DNA/RNA

Disaccharides: two sugars

Formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

Maltose – malt sugar (glucose + glucose)
Sucrose – table sugar (glucose + fructose)
Lactose – dairy sugar (glucose + galactose)

Polysaccharides: many sugars

Formed by dehydration synthesis of many

monosaccharides

Starch: carbohydrate storage form used by plants

Glycogen: carbohydrate storage form used by animals, stored in skeletal muscle and liver

Dehydration synthesis

removes water to join molecules together

Hydrolysis

adds water to break apart molecules

Triglycerides - from dehydration synthesis
hydrophobic

3 fatty acids
1 glycerol

Phospholipids - amphiphilic
(1 head like water, 1 dont)

2 fatty acids
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group

Steroids - 4 interlocking rings

Nonpolar and insoluble in water

Proteins

chains of amino acids formed by peptide bonds, often called polypeptide if unorganized

Amino acid - groups?

amino group
carboxyl group (C-O-OH)
functional r group

Protein Primary Level

Polypeptides, linear sequence of amino acids

Secondary Protein Lvl

hydrogen bonds may form

alpha helix

beta pleated sheets

Tertiary Protein Lvl

attraction to amino acids further away,
bends on folds on itself

Quaternary Protein Lvl

2 or more polypeptides interacting with each other

Fibrous Proteins

structural
insoluble
ex. collagen fibers, elastic fibers, keratin

Globular Proteins

functional
compact and spherical

ex. antibodies, enzymes, hormones

Enzyme

protein that catalyzes (speeds up) reactions

Denaturation

proteins unfold, and lose their 3d shape

caused by change in H concentration
or increased in temp

Nucleic acids

chains of nucleotides

Pyrimidine - 1 carbon ring + 1 nitrogen

C
T
U
(DNA/RNA)