intro to AP world history unit 6

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived after the fall of the Western Empire.

Nika Rebellion

Riot where fans called for the overthrow of Justinian, saved by his wife Theodora.

Patriarch

Leader of the church.

Slavs

People group from eastern Europe, traded with the Byzantines, same ethnic group as the Russians.

Kiev

Trade center and capital of the first major Russian state.

Bedouins

Nomadic herders, earliest inhabitants of Arabia.

Ka'aba

Shrine in Mecca, erected by Abraham.

Umma

Islamic community.

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Shari'a

Collection of Islamic law from the Qur'an and Sunna.

Sunni

Islamic group believing any Muslim can be caliph.

Abbasids

Overthrew Umayyads, established Baghdad as capital, ruled during golden age.

House of Wisdom

Academic center in Baghdad.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor who reconquered territory, built Hagia Sofia, introduced new legal code.

Muhammad

Founder of Islam, born into Mecca's ruling tribe.

Uthman

Murdered Umayyad caliph, sparking a civil war among Muslims.

Ibn Rushd

Spanish-Arab philosopher, Averroes.

Justinian's Code

Reorganized and standardized Roman laws.

Iconoclasts

Opposed to the use of icons.

Schism

Separation.

Cyrillic

Form of Greek alphabet for Slavic languages, attributed to Cyril.

Dome of the Rock

Mosque in Jerusalem.

Mecca

Holy city in Islam, birthplace of Muhammad.

Islam

Monotheistic religion based on teachings of Muhammad.

Qu'ran

Holy book of Islam.

Shahada

Islamic declaration of faith.

Jihad

Struggle to please God.

Shi'a

Islamic group believing only Muhammad's descendants can be caliph.

Library of Cordoba

Umayyad center of learning.

Theodora

Justinian's wife, influenced policy, fought for laws protecting women and minorities.

Ali

Muhammad's son-in-law, considered the first caliph by Shi'ites.

Harun al-Rashid

Well-known Abbasid caliph.

Ibn Battuta

Scholar who traveled extensively.

Hagia Sophia

Church in Constantinople.

Icons

Religious images.

Excommunication

Church expulsion.

Constantinople

Byzantine capital.

The Thousand and One Nights

Collection of Muslim folktales.

Medina

City where Muhammad fled persecution.

Hijrah

Muhammad's journey to escape persecution.

Five Pillars of Islam

Acts of worship required by Muslims.

Mosque

Islamic place of worship.

Caliph

Successor.

Umayyads

Islamic dynasty.

Calligraphy

Beautiful handwriting.

Al-jabr

Algebra.

Cyril

Missionary to convert Russians to Orthodox Christianity.

Abu Bakr

First caliph after Muhammad.

Ibn Sina

Islamic scientist/philosopher.

Al-Khwarizmi

Muslim mathematician, creator of algebra.

Vladimir of Kiev

Converted to Orthodox Christianity, conquered by Mongols.

Ivan III

First ruler of independent Russia, declared himself czar.