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What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of the human body and its parts.

What is physiology?

The study of how the body functions and how its parts work together.

Why is anatomy and physiology important in healthcare?

It helps healthcare workers understand diseases, injuries, diagnoses and treatments.

What are the levels of organisation from smallest to largest?

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

What is a cell?

The smallest living unit of the body.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells working together to perform one function.

What is an organ?

Two or more tissue types working together to perform a specific function.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together.

What is an organism?

The complete living individual.

What level does a cytologist study?

Cells.

State the three parts of Cell Theory.

All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What does the cell membrane do?

Protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable).

What does selectively permeable mean?

It only allows certain substances to enter or leave the cell.

What does the nucleus do?

Controls cell activities and contains DNA.

What is DNA?

Genetic material that contains instructions for making proteins and controlling the cell.

What is an organelle?

A specialised structure inside a cell that performs a specific job.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Produce ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

What is ATP?

The cell's energy currency.

Which cells contain the most mitochondria?

Heart and muscle cells.

What do ribosomes do?

Build proteins.

What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) do?

Transports proteins made by ribosomes.

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) do?

Produces lipids and detoxifies drugs and alcohol.

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Modifies, packages and transports proteins and lipids.

What do lysosomes do?

Break down waste, bacteria and worn-out organelles.

What is the cytoplasm?

Jelly-like fluid that holds organelles and is where many chemical reactions occur.

In the City Cell analogy, what does City Hall represent?

The nucleus.

In the City Cell analogy, what does the Power Station represent?

Mitochondria.

In the City Cell analogy, what does the Factory represent?

Ribosomes.

In the City Cell analogy, what do the Highways represent?

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

In the City Cell analogy, what does the Post Office represent?

Golgi Apparatus.

In the City Cell analogy, what does the Waste Disposal Centre represent?

Lysosomes.

In the City Cell analogy, what does the City Wall represent?

Cell membrane.

In the City Cell analogy, what does the City represent?

Cytoplasm.

What are the four tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous tissue.

What is epithelial tissue?

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.

What are examples of connective tissue?

Bone, blood, cartilage, adipose (fat), tendons and ligaments.

What are the three muscle tissue types?

Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth muscle.

Describe skeletal muscle.

Voluntary, striated and attached to bones.

Describe cardiac muscle.

Involuntary, striated and found only in the heart.

Describe smooth muscle.

Involuntary, non-striated and found in hollow organs.

What does nervous tissue do?

Transmits electrical impulses throughout the body.

What is a body membrane?

A thin sheet of tissue that covers surfaces, lines body cavities and covers organs.

Name the four body membranes.

Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous and Synovial membranes.

Where is the cutaneous membrane found?

The skin.

Where are mucous membranes found?

The respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts.

Where are serous membranes found?

Around the lungs, heart and abdominal organs.

Where are synovial membranes found?

Inside movable joints.

What fluid does the synovial membrane produce?

Synovial fluid.

Describe the anatomical position.

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward and feet pointing forward.

What does anterior mean?

Towards the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Towards the back of the body.

What does superior mean?

Above another structure.

What does inferior mean?

Below another structure.

What does medial mean?

Towards the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment.

What does distal mean?

Further from the point of attachment.

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the body surface.

What does deep mean?

Further inside the body.

What does bilateral mean?

On both sides of the body.

What does unilateral mean?

On one side of the body.

What does the sagittal plane divide?

The body into left and right.

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

The body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).

What does the transverse plane divide?

The body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.

Which body plane is commonly used in CT scans?

Transverse (axial) plane.

Which cavity contains the brain?

Cranial cavity.

Which cavity contains the spinal cord?

Spinal cavity.

Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic cavity.

Which cavity contains the stomach, liver and intestines?

Abdominal cavity.

Which cavity contains the bladder and reproductive organs?

Pelvic cavity.

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

The diaphragm.

What organs are in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)?

Liver, gallbladder and right kidney.

What organs are in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)?

Stomach, spleen and left kidney.

What organ is located in the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)?

The appendix.

What organs are in the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)?

Descending colon and sigmoid colon.

What is the plural of vertebra?

Vertebrae.

What is the plural of bronchus?

Bronchi.

What is the plural of bacterium?

Bacteria.

What is the plural of atrium?

Atria.

What is the plural of nucleus?

Nuclei.

What is the plural of ganglion?

Ganglia.

What is the plural of diagnosis?

Diagnoses.

What is the plural of appendix?

Appendices.

What is the plural of thorax?

Thoraces.

What is the plural of mitochondrion?

Mitochondria.

Which organelle produces ATP?

Mitochondria.

Which organelle makes proteins?

Ribosomes.

Which membrane surrounds movable joints?

Synovial membrane.

Which body plane divides the body into left and right?

Sagittal plane.

Which abdominal quadrant contains the appendix?

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).

What is the highest level of organisation?

Organism.

Fx / #

fracture

NOF

neck of femur

THR

total hip replacement

TKR

total knee replacement

ORIF

open reduction internal fixation

ROM

range of motion

OA

osteoartheritis

RA

rheumatoid atheritis

DJD

degenerative joint disease