Small Animal Diseases and Mgmt - Quiz 3

Craniodorsal

Which is the most common position of a hip luxation?

osteochondrosis dessicans regions

-elbow
-stifle
-shoulder
-hock

shoulder

Of the regions of osteochondrosis dessicans, which is the most common?

Legg-Calve-Perthes

-seen in toy breeds and terriers
-aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and neck
-characterized by irritability and chewing of hip, atrophy of hip muscles, and gradual onset lameness

Panosteitis

-intermittent lameness not associated with trauma
-may appear to shift from leg to leg
-long bones commonly affected

True

True/False: Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is the most common injury to the stifle of the dog and a major cause of degenerative joint disease in the stifle.

open

bone is exposed through the skin

closed

bone is not exposed through the skin

simple

bone is broken into 2 pieces

comminuted

bone is splintered or fragmented

fracture treatment

-splints
-casts
-intramedullary pins
-bone plates

stabilize joint

What is the function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament?

active dogs, middle aged obese dogs

Who are most cruciate injuries most commonly seen in?

Yes(the unaffected side will have to compensate for the injury)

If the left anterior ligament ruptures, does it make the right anterior cruciate ligament more susceptible to rupture over time?

lateral

Which patellar luxation will cause more functional impairment?

hip dysplasia

-most common skeletal defect in dogs
-genetics, environment, diet, disproportion between muscle mass and developing skeletal system, failure of soft tissues to maintain joint symmetry are all contributing factors

11-12 kgs

It is rare to see hip dysplasia in animals that are less than\__________

No

If a puppy is born to a hip dysplasia free parent, does this mean that the puppy will not develop this problem?

8-10 weeks

If both hips are involved with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, how far apart are they corrected?

bones affected by panosteitis

-ulna
-humerus
-radius
-femur
-tibia

trauma

What is usually the cause for coxofemoral luxations?

Ehmer sling

What is the sling applied after the hip is reduced from a hip luxation?

bones affected by osteosarcomas

-distal radius
-proximal humerus
-distal femur
-proximal tibia

pathologic fracture

The diseased bone is too weak to support the weight so it fractures. It is not trauma based.

metastasis to lung

By the time an osteosarcoma is diagnosed, there is already \_____________ \____________ \__________

diaphragmatic hernia

-condition where the abdominal organs herniate through the diaphragm
-liver is most common organ to be herniated
-patient will show signs of respiratory distress

False

True/False: Perianal fistulas are easy to treat and surgical correction is very successful

reduce testosterone

How does castrating help with perineal hernias?

80-90

With exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, clinical signs may not develop until \___________ % of the secretory function of the pancreas is lost

portosystemic shunt

communication between the portal and systemic venous system that allows blood to bypass the liver

low

Patients with portosystemic shunts need to be fed \_________ protein diets

false

true/false: When talking about portosystemic shunts, single intrahepatic PSS are more common in cats and small breeds and single, extrahepatic PSS are more common in large breeds

true

true/false: The most common primary tumors of the liver in the dog are adenomas and adenocarcinomas

massive

a single, large mass in one liver lobe

nodular

discrete nodules that are present in several liver lobes

diffuse

infiltration through a large amount of the liver

colangiohepatitis

-common hepatobilliary disorder of cats
-inflammation of the bile ducts that leads to bile backing up into the liver
-hepatomegaly, anorexia, fever, dehydration, weight loss, jaundice, and ascites

feline hepatic lipidosis

-most common liver disease in cats
-caused by stress, diet change, environment change
-occurs if cat is anorexic for 2 weeks

lepto client ed

-human health risk
-move sick dog if in pen with others
-practice good hygiene when cleaning up after the dog

chronic pancreatitis

When talking about colangiohepatits, what other condition is usually seen in cats that are affected by this?

acute liver disease

result of an overdose

chronic liver disease

result of long term use of drugs

T

T/F: The liver is the most susceptible organ to be damaged from the ingestion of toxins;acute liver disease is seen when 70-80% of the functional liver mass is damaged

intussusception

-smaller proximal segment of the intestine at the ileocolic junction invaginates into the larger, distal segment of the large colon
-causes partial to complete blockage with compromises the blood supply to the intestine resulting in necrosis

Megacolon

-seen in middle aged, obese cats
-thought to be defect in neurostimulation mechanism that helps with colon evacuation
-common complaint is straining to defecate
-radiographs will show a colon with width wider than the length of the lumbar vertebra

why we can't recommend laxatives

-obstruction
-a blocked cat can appear constipated
-animals need to be seen to determine the problem

pancreatitis causes

-high fat diets
-hepatic lipidosis in cats
-furosemide
-sulfonamide
-tetracycline
-trauma

cPLI

What is the test that we use to differentiate pancreatic lipase from intestinal lipase?

8-16 weeks

When is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia repaired?

megacolon causes

-idiopathic
-hypokalemia
-hypothyroidism
-pelvic deformities
- prolonged and severe colonic distension

megacolon affects

middle aged to old, obese cats

caudoventral

Which direction for hip luxations are rare?

Osteosarcoma

-distal radius
-proximal humerus
-distal femur
-proximal tibia
-most common in large breed males around 7 years old
-amputation is needed to remove primary tumor
-90% will die even with treatment

cruciate injury

-tear in the cruciate ligaments in the stifle
-middle age obese dogs and athletic dogs
-the other side will usually rupture within a year

Usually idiopathic; can also be the result of parasitic infections, foreign bodies, infections, and neoplasia. 

Occurs with the smaller, proximal segment of the intestine at the ileocolic junction invaginates into the larger, distal segment of the large colon. Causes a partial-complete blockage which will compromise the blood supply to the segments resulting in necrosis. 

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What is an Intussusception?

No solid food for 24 hours after surgery. Feed a bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of the intestinal wall. 

What are the dietary restrictions after surgical correction of an intussusception? (NPO? Special diet?)

This is the most common liver disorder seen in the cat. This is also the most common cause of liver failure in the cat. 

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What is Feline Hepatic Lipidosis?

Stress, any diet change, housing change, illness, or environmental change. 

What are some triggers/causes of feline hepatic lipidosis?

longer than 2 weeks

 If a cat is anorexic for ____________ this syndrome (hepatic lipidosis) will occur. 

High fat diets, certain drugs (furosemide, azathioprine, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. In cats, hepatic lipidosis has been suspected as a cause. Trauma, edema of the duodenal wall, tumors, and parasites have also been identified as causes.  

What are some causes of pancreatitis? 

 + cPLI test. 

What is the test that we can use to differentiate pancreatic lipase from intestinal lipase?

3-4 days

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How long is an animal typically fasted for a pancreatitis test? 

1-2 days after vomiting stops, small, low-fat meals can be resumed. 

When can small meals be resumed after pancreatitis test?

Atrophy of muscle within the perineal region (levator ani muscle) and herniation of the rectum and other pelvic organs. 

What is a perineal hernia?

Castration is usually recommended. Stool-softeners also recommended.

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What do we recommend to the owner in addition to surgical correction of the hernia? 

It is thought that testosterone plays a role in weakening the muscles. 

Why do we make this recommendation?

This is the herniation of abdominal organs through a hole in the diaphragm. The hole can can be congenital or due to trauma. 

Diaphragmatic hernia?

Repair once the animal is stable.

If it is a traumatic hernia, when is it repaired?

  Repair as soon as possible (8-16 weeks old). 

 If it is a congenital hernia, when is it repaired?

The cause is thought to be a defect in the neurostimulation mechanism that helps with colon evacuation. 

            - Hypokalemia, hypothyroidism, pelvic deformities, or prolonged and severe colonic distention for any reason are also causes. 

 What causes Megacolon? 

 Cats (middle aged, older, obese). 

Who is more commonly affected by megacolon?

Usually the result of drug therapy (NSAIDS). 

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What is usually the cause of Gastric ulceration?

Fluid therapy, restrict food and water consumption, oral antacids, H2 antagonists (ranitidine), Omeprazole, sucralfate, misoprostol. 

What do we do to help treat gastric ulceration?

A common hepatobiliary disorder of cats, less common in dogs. Inflammation of the bile duct leads to hepatocyte involvement -> cirrhosis. 

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What is Colangiohepatitis?

Hepatomegaly, anorexia, fever, dehydration, depression, weight loss, vomiting, jaundice, and ascites will develop as the disease progresses

What are the signs of colangiohepatitis?

 Chronic pancreatitis. 

What other condition is usually seen with colangiohapatitis?

When there is a communication between the portal and systemic venous system allows blood to bypass the liver. Due to this defect, blood that has toxins from the GI tract bypasses the hepatic detoxification, systemic toxin levels will increase -> hepatic encephalopathy. 

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What is a Portosystemic Shunt?

 Protein restricted diet. 

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What type of diet is needed after correction of a portosystemic shunt?

In an __open fracture__, the bone is exposed through the skin. 

In a __closed fracture__, the bone is not exposed. 

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What is the difference in an open fracture and a closed fracture?

In a __simple fracture__, the bone is broken into two pieces, not splintered or fragmented. 

 In a __comminuted fracture__, the bone is splintered or fractured. 

What is the difference in a simple fracture and comminuted fracture?      

Splints, casts, intramedullary pins (IM pins), bone plates. 

What are some ways that we can treat a fracture? 

Quickly assess the patient, (especially in HBC) cases. If warranted, treat shock, hemorrhage, and soft tissue trauma 1st. Once patient is stable,assessment of the fracture can begin. Take care of the areas suspected to  be fractured when moving the animal. You don’t want to make the injury worse by restraint methods or when positioning for radiography. Support bandages can be applied to help stabilize the area until further treatment can be done. 

  What is your role as a technologist in fracture cases? 

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What is the function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?

They are intra-articular structures that function to stabilize the joint. They prevent forward and backwards movements of the femur and tibia. 

Who are cruciate injuries most commonly seen in?

These injuries are usually seen in middle-aged, obese animals that suddenly hyperextend their stifle while exercising. 

If the left anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, does it make the right anterior cruciate ligamentmore susceptible to rupture over time?

Yes. The opposite cruciate ligament often ruptures within a year after injury of the first 1st ligament. 

Is a medial patellar luxation or a lateral patellar luxation more common?

The majority of patellar luxations are __medial__ luxations (75-80%)

Of the two (medial and lateral patellar luxation), which will cause more functional impairment? 

Lateral luxations will produce more functional impairment than the medial luxations. 

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What is hip dysplasia?

This is a process that is often termed congenital, bilateral degenerative join disease, or as joint laxity. It can be separated into acetabula and femoral hip dysplasia. 

What factors contribute to development of hip dysplasia? 

Genetic predisposition, environment and dietary factors, disproportion between muscle mass and developing skeletal system, failure of the soft tissues to hold and maintain joint symmetry. 

It is rare to see hip dysplasia in animals that are less than…?

Rare to see this is animals that weigh less than 11-12 kgs. 

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How old do dogs need to be for OFA certification?

24 months of age or older at the time of radiography. 

If a puppy is born to a hip dysplasia free parent, does this mean that the puppy will not develop this problem?

No, just because a puppy is born to a hip dysplasia-free parent does not mean that they will not have this problem. 

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What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

This is a non-inflammatory aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and neck. The exact cause is unknown. 

Who is most commonly affected by Legg-Calve-Perthes?

Mainly a disease of small-breed dogs. 

if both hips are involved, are they corrected at the same time? If no, how are they corrected? 

No, the surgeries are performed 8-10 weeks apart. 

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What is osteochondrosis dessicans? 

This is when osteochondritis (a degeneration of bone and cartilage that is followed by re-ossification) results in the formation of a cartilage flap accompanied by inflammatory changed is the joint. 

What are the sites most commonly affected by Osteochondrosis dessicans? 

Shoulder, stifle, hock, and elbow.

Of the sites listed, which is the most commonly affected? 

OCD of the shoulder (scapulohumeral joint) is the most common form seen.

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What is panosteitis? 

This is a disease that causes intermittent lameness in medium and large breed dogs. The lameness that is seen is usually acute and not associated with trauma. 

What long bones are most commonly affected by panosteitis?

Ulna, humerus, radius, femur, and tibia.