Exploring Mixtures and Their Separation Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts, techniques, and terminology of mixture separation from the Grade 9 Curiosity Chapter 9 textbook.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, such as sugar dissolved in water; it is also called a solution.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition, where particles are often visible and may settle over time, such as sand in water.

Solute

The substance in a solution that gets dissolved.

Solvent

The substance in a solution that dissolves the solute.

Concentration of a solution

The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution.

Dilip Mahalanabis

An Indian paediatrician who developed the Oral Rehydration Solution ($ORS$) to treat dehydration caused by diseases like diarrhoea and cholera.

Mass by mass percentage ($\% m/m$)

A method to express concentration calculated as: $\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}} \times 100$.

Mass by volume percentage ($\% m/v$)

A method to express concentration used in medicines and labs calculated as: $\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}} \times 100$.

Volume by volume percentage ($\% v/v$)

A method used for mixtures of miscible liquids, calculated as: $\frac{\text{Volume of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}} \times 100$.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of solvent ($100\,g$ or $100\,mL$) at a given temperature.

Saturated solution

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a specific temperature.

Crystallization

A laboratory process used for the separation and purification of solids by forming crystals from a saturated solution.

Crystal

A solid made up of particles arranged in a regular geometric pattern.

Distillation

A process for separating a homogeneous mixture of miscible liquids by heating until the liquid with the lower boiling point vaporises, then cooling it back into a liquid.

Boiling point requirement for distillation

Standard distillation is used for liquids that differ in boiling point by at least about $25\,^{\circ}C$.

Fractional distillation

A process used to separate components of a mixture with boiling point differences of less than $25\,^{\circ}C$, such as crude petroleum.

Deg-Bhapka method

A traditional distillation method used in Kannauj, India, to capture fragrances like Mitti ka Ittar from flowers and earth.

Paper chromatography

A method of separating the components of a mixture based on their different interactions with a solvent and the paper, causing them to move at different speeds.

Immiscible liquids

Liquids that do not mix and form separate layers, such as oil and water.

Sublimation

The process where a solid changes directly into a vapour without passing through the liquid state when heated below its melting point.

Deposition

The process where a vapour cools and changes back into a solid without becoming a liquid.

Alloy

A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal, that cannot be separated by physical methods.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles larger than $1000\,nm$ that do not dissolve and are visible to the naked eye.

Centrifugation

A technique involving rapid spinning to separate mixtures, where centrifugal force causes heavier particles to move outwards and settle at the bottom.

Coagulation

The process of adding a substance (coagulant), such as alum, to cause fine suspended particles to clump together and settle down.

Colloid

A mixture with particle sizes between $1\,nm$ and $1000\,nm$ that are uniformly dispersed and do not settle over time.

Tyndall effect

The scattering of a beam of light by particles in a colloid or suspension, making the path of light visible.

Dispersed phase

The solute-like component or dispersed particles in a colloid.

Dispersion medium

The component of a colloid in which the dispersed phase is suspended.

Emulsion

A type of colloid where both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids, such as milk or cold cream.