JMU Anatomy exam 1

superior (cranial)

toward head

inferior (caudal)

toward feet

anterior (ventral)

toward the front

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

medial

towards midline

lateral

towards side away from midline

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

farther from trunk

superficial

closer to surface of the body

deep

further from surface of the body

cornal (frontal) plane

divides body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) parts

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right halves

midsagittal (median) plane

divides body into equal right and left halves

parasagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left halves

cross sectional (transverse) plane

divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts

vertebrae characteristics

dorsal hollow nerve cord,. notochord, pharyngeal arches and pouches, and vertebrae

Vertebrates are _______ animals

segmental

They exhibit _________ of structures along the longitudinal axis of the body

serial repetition

somites

Groups of embryonic cells lying in pairs alongside the developing nerve cord

somites give rise to what structures in the trunk

vertebrae & ribs, skin, back muscles (dorsal), body wall muscles (lateral & ventral)

somatosensory

sensation from skin (touch pain temp etc)

somatomotor

voluntary control of skeletal muscle

viscermotor

involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

the spinal cord extends within what region?

vertebral canal

conus medullaris

the caudal end of the spinal cord

cauda equina

the caudal collection of spinal roots

meninges

the three coverings in the spinal cord (together)

the three coverings in the spinal cord from tough to delicate

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

dura mater

fits loosely around the spinal cord and extends around the dorsal and ventral roots then blends into sheathing around the spinal nerves

arachonoid mater

is closely associated with the overlying dura mater

pia mater

tight-fitting sheath around the spinal cord

subarachnoid space

the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

gray matter

containing neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

white matter

containing myelinated axons

the central gray matter surrounds the ____

central canal

the three pairs of horns in the central canal

dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns

each spinal nerve exits the vertebral column through an ____

intervertebral foramen

ventral roots

composed of axons of somatomotor and visceromotor neurons that are conveying instructions to skeletal muscle and viscera

dorsal roots

composed of sensory axons that convey sensation from the body to the central nervous system.

dorsal rami

somatosensory from skin of back. somatomotor to epaxial muscles.

ventral rami

somatosensory from skin of anterior/lateral trunk. somatomotor to hypaxial muscles

somatomotor fiber

located in ventral horns

somatosensory fiber

located in dorsal root ganglia

(sympathetic) the preganglionic neuron is located in the ____

lateral horns

(sympathetic) the postganglionic neuron is located in the ____

sympathetic ganglia

(parasympathetic) the preganglionic neuron is located in the ____

the gray matter of the brainstem/S2-S4 of the spinal cord

(parasympathetic) the postganglionic neuron is located in the ____

the wall of the effector organ

cutaneous nerves

provide sensory innervation to segmentally-derived skin

sympathetic trunk

series of ganglia along side the vertebral bodies that contain cell bodies of postganlionic sympathetic motor neurons

how many neurons are in a visceromotor pathway?

2

how many neurons are in a somatomotor pathway?

1

how many vertebrae are in the cercival vertebrae?

7 vertebrae (c1-c7)

order of vertebral sections

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

how many vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebrae?

12 vertebrae (t1-t12)

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar vertebrae?

5 (l1-l5)

how many vertebrae are in the sacral vertebrae?

5 (s1-s5, fused)

how many vertebrae are in the coccygeal vertebrae?

3-5

cercival vertebrae distinctive features

transverse foramina

thoracic vertebrae distinctive features

costal facets

lumbar vertebrae distinctive features

no transverse foramina or costal facets

sacral vertebrae distinctive features

5 fused vertebrae

coccygeal vertebrae distinctive features

vestigial tail

what vertebraes are atypical?

c1, c2, c7

dermatomes

areas of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve

anterior longitudinal ligament

skull to sacrum (anterior vertebral body - anterior vertebral body)

posterior longitudinal ligament

c2 to sacrum (posterior vertebral body - posterior vertebral body )

ligamentum flavum

lamina to lamina

supraspinous ligament

c7 to l4/5 (posterior spinous process - posterior spinous process)

nuchal ligament

c7 (skull - cervical spinous process)

sympathetic division function

fright, fight or flight

parasympathetic division function

rest and digest

transversus thoracis

helps to depress ribs during expiration

innervation of thoracic body wall muscles

intercostal nerves

celom

fluid filled body cavity, non segmental, lines by a serous membrane

thorax

inferior to neck, superior to diaphragm

what are the two pleura cavities

visceral and parietal pleura

mediastinum

esophagus, trachea/bronchi, heart and great vessels

arteries

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

veins

vessels that carry blood towards the heart

blood flow

svc or ivc, ra, tricuspid valve, rv, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, plumonary veins, la, bicuspid valve, lv, aortic valve, aorta

what are the three arteries in the aorta?

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid a, left subclavian a

what are the two big arteries on the heart?

right and left coronary artery

anastomosis

a network or connection of vessels enabling collateral blood flow

great vessels arteries

right and left common carotid a, right and left subclavian a, brachiocephalic trunk, arch of aorta, descending aorta

arteries are ____

asymmetrical

great vessels veins

right and left brachiocephalic v, right and left subclavian v, right and left internal jugular v, svc and ivc

veins are ______

symmetrical

digestive organs

esophagus

respiratory organs

trachea, bronchi, lungs

right lung

3 lobes, 2 fissures

left lung

2 lobes, 1 fissure

what fissures are in the right lung?

horizontal and oblique fissure

what fissure is in the left lung?

oblique fissure

hilum

(root) depression where various structures enter and exit

alveoli

site of gas exchange

inspiration

diaphragm contracts, central tendon pulled inferiorly

expiration

diaphragm relaxes, central tendon moves superiorly

gut tube

a single elongate muscular tube (with sphincters) running from the mouth to anus

sphincter

a ring of circular muscle (skeletal or smooth) that regulates movement of contents along the gut tube

regions of the stomach

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus