AP quiz 2 study guide

List 8 types of physiologic activities of cells

growth, metabolism, reproduction, absorption, secretion, excretion,

​irritability, contractility.

Growth

increase in size of a cell, tissue, organ or organism

Hypertrophy

increase in size of tissue due to increase in size of

​individual cells.

Ex: Muscle cells undergo hypertrophy    

Mitosis

the single division of a parent cell to produce two offspring cells

 ​that are the same as the parent cell - same amount of DNA, same

​number of chromosomes.

Types of cells produced : somatic cells, or regular body cells. these are diploid cells

Meiosis

the double division of a parent cell to produce four offspring cells

​that have half the DNA – half the chromosomes – as the parent cell.

 

 What type of cell is produced by meiosis?

​gametes – eggs or sperm. these are haploid cells – have half the

​number of chromosomes characteristic for their species.

Osmosis

the movement of water from a low concentration of solute particles

​(high concentration of water) to a higher concentration of solute

​particles (low concentration of water) when the two solutions are

​separated by a membrane that is permeable to water, but not

​permeable to the solute particles.

Active transport

a method to move material across a cell membrane that is basically

​the opposite of diffusion: particles are moved from an area of low

​concentration to an area of higher concentration, using energy in

​the form of ATP.

   Does active transport use energy in the form of ATP?

​yes

   In active transport, are particles moving “up” or “down” the

   concentration gradient?

​up

Proteins

What are proteins composed of?

​amino acids

4 primary functions of proteins.

​blood proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, some hormones,

​contractile proteins.

 List 2 types of blood proteins.

​albumins, globulins.

4 structures of the body composed of proteins.

​part of cell membranes, part of chromosomes, hair, hooves, horns,

​collagen, elastic fibers, connective tissue, etc.

Enzeymes

specialized protein molecules that act as catalysts – cause certain

​chemical reactions to occur in the body, or speed them up to a ​functional rate. enzymes are not used up in these reactions.

   What does the “-ase” ending on a word mean?

​means that the word refers to an enzyme. for example, lipase is the

​enzyme that breaks down lipids.

Golgi apparatus

series of flattened membranous sacs, connected to the endoplasmic

​reticulum and the cell membrane.

   What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

​synthesizes and packages materials

Endoplasmic reticulum

What is the function?

​transportation of substances throughout the cell.

List the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum.

​smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

   Why is rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?

​because it has ribosomes attached to it. ****

   Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in synthesis and

   transport of protein – smooth or rough?

​rough endoplasmic reticulum. (ribosomes make protein.)

oval, contains many folded membranes inside.

   What is the function of the mitochondria?

​“powerhouse” of the cell. energy (ATP) production.

 

 Which cell would you expect to have the most mitochondria – a

   chondrocyte or a muscle cell?

​muscle cell – more active.

lysosome

digestive apparatus of the cell – breaks sown large molecules, gets

 ​rid of cellular debris.

Nucleaus

​the shape of the nucleus varies with the type of cell (usually

​spherical or oval). the nucleus is contained within the cell

​membrane and cytoplasm of the cell, and generally stains darker than

​the rest of the cell.

   What does the nucleus contain?

​generic material – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic

​acid)

List the 2 functions of the nucleus.

​pass genetic material to the next generation of cells or individual,

​regulate protein synthesis.

selective permeability

the ability of the membrane to let certain substances through, such

​as oxygen and water molecules, and to keep other substances out,

​such as large protein molecules.

   Why is selective permeability important to the cell?

​if the cell cannot control what enters and leaves it, it loses its

​integrity and dies.

Glucose formula

The molecular formula for glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. This formula indicates that a single molecule of glucose contains 6 carbon (C) atoms, 12 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 6 oxygen (O) atoms.  

ATP formula

The chemical formula for ATP is C10H16N5O13P3.

The majority of energy in ATP is stored in the bond between the second and third phosphate - furthest from the sugar. When this bond is broken, energy is released and can be used by the cell.

Hyperplasia

increase in size of tissue due to increase in total

​number of cells.

Atrophy

 decrease in size of normal tissue. tissue reached normal

​adult size, then shrunk. due to decrease in size and/or number of

​cells.

Hypoplasia

 – incomplete development of a tissue or organ. never

​reached normal adult size.