Biology 1010 Final

Oogenesis

Begins in embryonic females; oogonia undergo mitosis and produce primary oocytes

Follicle

Primary Oocyte and the cell layer around it

Meiosis I

Splits primary oocyte into secondary oocyte (which gets nearly all the cytoplasm and possesses a haploid amount of cells) and a polar body (which gets almost none of the cytoplasm and ends up dissolving)

Meiosis II

splits secondary oocyte up into fertilized zygote (and other polar body cell)

Fish Oil

Leads moms to have more coordinated kids

Endometrium

Mucus membrane lining the uterus which thickens during the menstrual cycle; stimulated by estrogen

Ovulation

Oocyte matures and escapes from the ovary; takes places 14 days before the menstrual cycle ends

Corpus Luteum

Remnants of the ruptured follicle triggered during midcycle; forms during ovulation. Found on the ovary and secrets estrogen and progesterone. Persists for about 12 days, and if no fertilization takes place it will self destruct and progesterone/estrogen levels will crash

Zygote

Formed by the combination of sperm and egg

Birth Control 95-100% effective

Abstinence (100), vasectomy (99.6), tubal litigation (99.6), hormonal implant (99), IUD (98), contraceptive patch(99), birth control pill (95)

Diaphragm and Condom Effectiveness

84% and 86%

Morning After Pills Effectiveness

75%

Rhythm Method and Natural Family Planning

Neither are super effective, but natural family planning is better

First 3 months of pregnancy

Chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone (previously stimulated by Luteinizing hormone)

Last 6 months of Pregnancy

Placenta begins to produce progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin falters

Oxytocin

Contraction of the uterus and force of milk into milk ducts

Mammary gland

where lactation occurs in the breast

Milk production

Removal of calcium, sugar, vitamins, and water from the blood

Prolactin

Synthesis of enzymes required for milk production

Galactorrhea

Men lactating

Colostrum

Produced in first 3 days of breast feeding; clear, yellow, and important for baby immunity

Neurons

Fastest way that the body communicates with itself

Dendrites

Extensions that direct information into the neuron

Axons

Extensions that carry signals away from the neuron

Action Potential

Reversal in charge across a person’s neuron plasma membrane - how neurons accept and pass on signals

Chemical synapse

Also known as synaptic cleft; narrow cleft between the output zone of a neuron and the input zone of an adjacent neuron

Neurotransmitters

Diffuse across the synaptic cleft to carry signals between neurons

Nerves

Long axons of sensory or motor neurons

Reflexes

Automatic movements made in response to stimuli

Sensory Neurons

Connected to motor neurons in the spinal cord. Transmit signals from the body’s receptors to the central nervous system.

Motor Neurons

Transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands, allowing for movement and other bodily functions

Phineas Gage

Dynamite blew a rod through his head in a railroad work accident; completely changed his personality and led him to become irresponsible

Central Nervous System

Brain (control center) and spinal cord (express way for signals between the peripheral nervous system and the brain)

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves throughout the body including somatic and autonomic nerves

Somatic nerves

Part of the peripheral nervous system; controlled skeletal muscles (reflex arcs)

Autonomic Nerves

Part of the peripheral nervous system; control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (digestion, heartbeat, etc.)

Tympanic Membrane

Eardrum; transmits sound waves to three ossicle bones

Ossicles

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes; transmit movement to the oval window

Cochlea

Contains fluid; when the oval window moves, it moves the fluid within the cochlea

Organ of Corti

Detects movement of fluid within the cochlea and transmits information to the brain via the auditory nerve

Cornea

Clear covering of the eye

Iris

Colored portion of eye that regulates how much light can enter

Pupil

Entrance in eye for light

Lens

Focuses image onto the retina

Retina

Thin layer in the back of the eye that contains cones and rods

Cones

detect color and detail in the eye; clumped in fovea centralis

Rods

Responsible for low light sight in the eye; scattered throughout the retina

Optic nerve

carries sensory input from the eyes to the brain

Exponential Growth Curve

Human population growth curve; J shaped; continuously increases by a percentage

Logistic Growth Curve

Population has a carrying capacity/limit

Keystone Species

Species that has a disproportionally large impact on the environment relative to its abundance, often influencing the structure and function of the entire ecosystem.