Chemistry Practice Q (videos+book)

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt)

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

Beta 1, 4 bonds are found in

lactose

How many ATPs are produced anaerobically

2

Which is a pyrimidine

thymine

Which carries the most cholesterol

LDL

Which inhibits gluconeogenesis

insulin

The most common way to enter the Krebs cycle for amino acid, fatty acids, and glucose is

acetyl coA

A vegetarian diet is deficient in which vitamin

cobalamin (B12)

Which is produced anaerobically in glycolysis

ATP

Which vitamin deficiencies will cause a neurological reaction

vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Which is the final end product of the hexose monophosphate shunt (PPP)

pentose sugars and NADPH

Which takes cholesterol from the liver to the tissues

LDL

Sucrose is made from the combination of

glucose and fructose

Which of the following is a purine

guanine

Components of NADH and NADPH

tryptophan

Which enzyme starts the process of glycogenolysis

glycogen phosphorylase

Which vitamin makes up coA

B5 (pantothenic acid)

Which one has the lowest melting point (has most double bonds)

linolenic acid

The reaction which appears to be necessary (the start) for the absorption of glucose from the intestine is

phosphorylation

Beri Beri is a deficiency of

B1 (thiamin)

Fats may be hydrolyzed by all of the following EXCEPT

acids

In liquid water, the strongest bonds between water molecules are

hydrogen bonds

Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by amylopsin amylase

starch to maltose

Deficiency if vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or B9 (folate) causes what type of anemia

macrocytic

Which is NOT a part of the urea cycle

citrate

What element is found in every amino acid that is not found in fatty acids

N

The aliphatic chain in fatty acid synthesis is lengthened by condensation of Malonyl coA wiht the removal of

CO2

If you have a diet of polished rice and low tryptophan, this will lead to ____ due to deficiency of ____

pellagra; niacin

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the urea cycle

carbonyl phosphate synthase

Vitamins D, E, A, K are considered to be

sterols

One turn of the Krebs results in how many NADH and FADH2

3; 1

Where is the Krebs cycle occuring

mitochondrial matrix

Which is part of the ETC (oxidative phosphorylation)

ubiquinone

Which vitamin makes up coenzyme A

pantothenic acid (B5)

Which deficiency is a cause of pernicious anemia

B12 deficiency

What is the rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis (mevalonate pathway)

HMG coA reductase

Which is deficient in Kwashiorkor

protein

Which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

GABA

Peptide bond formation is what type of reaction

condensation (dehydration)

Glycogenolysis is stimulated by ___ blood sugar and ___

low; glucagons

Fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) occurs in

cytoplasm

Glucose is categorized as

aldohexose

Which is a ketone body

acetoacetate

Which most accurately describes the ability of the binding site and the substrate

Michaelis Menten (Km - concentration of substrate where enzyme yields ½ Vmax)

Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of acetyl coA from pyruvate

thiamin

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins kcal/g

carbs - 4

lipids - 9

proteins - 4

Oxidation

increasing positive charges or loss of negative charges

Reduction

addition of hydrogen or gain of electrons

CHO bonds are

glycosidic

Amylopectin has ___ frequent, but ____ branches than glycogen

less; longer

What bond is between glycerol and fatty acids

ester bond

Arachidonic acid becomes essential when ____ is absent from the diet

linoleic

Triglyceride makeup

3 FA + Glycerol (ester bond)

Phospholipid makeup

2 FA, glycerol, phosphate derivative

Precursor molecules to cholesterol (MASH)

mevalonate

acetyl coA

squalene

HMG coA

Important fatty acids (# of carbons and double bonds)

Arachidonic - 20:4

Linolenic - 18:3 (omega-3)

Linoleic - 18:2 (omega-6)

EPA - 20:5 (Eicosapentaenoic acid)

What lipoprotein has the lowest % of protein

VLDL

What lipoprotein has the highest % of triglycerides

chylomicron (CM)

Beta oxidation cuts the fatty acid chain in

2s

Mechanisms and their locations

beta oxidation - mitochondria

lipogenesis - cytoplasm

krebs - mitochondria

ETC - inner mitochondria

DNA replication - nucleus

Transcription - nucleolus

glycolysis - cytosol

What is the intermediate step/ most important in lipogenesis

Malonyl coA

What is the primary substrate for lipogenesis

acetyl coA

What is the ketogenic amino acid

leucine

Ketone bodies are a byproduct of what mechanism

beta oxidation

What is the mneumonic for the basic amino acids

HAL is a basic guy (histidine, arginine, lysine)

What is the mneumonic for the neutral amino acids

STAG (serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine)

What is the mneumonic for the branched chain amino acids

LIV (leucine, isoleucine, valine)

What is the amino acid precursor of serotonin and NAD

tryptophan

What is the amino acid precursor for creatine

glycine/arginine

What three amino acids lack in grains

lysine, threonine, tryptophan

What are the 6 amino acids muscle is able to oxidize

GAL VIA (glutamate, aspartate, leucine, valine, isoleucine, asparagine)

What is alanine made of

ammonia and lactate

What are the bonds between amino acids

peptide bond

What water soluble vitamin can be toxic

pyridoxine (B6)

Iron is transported as _____ and stored as _____

transferrin; ferritin

Messenger RNA (mRNA) function

HOLDs info to determine amino acid SEQUENCE order

What is the start codon for DNA→mRNA→Protein

AUG

What is the mneumonic for the krebs cycle

Our Cousin Clyde Is Always Keeping Singapore Slings From Mallory

(oxaloacetate, citrate, cis-aconitic, isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinyl coA, succinate, fumarate, malate)

What is the mneumonic for the requirements of pre-krebs

These Five Coenzymes Love Nutrition

(Thiamine pyrophosphate, FAD, CoA, Lipoic acid, NAD)

What cycle requires aerobic conditions

krebs cycle (citric acid cycle, TCA cycle)

What are the products for 1 turn of the krebs cycle

2 CO2

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 GTP/ATP

What is the FINAL electron acceptor in the ETC

oxygen

Oxidative phosphorylation causes oxidation of NADH and FADH2 into how many ATP

NADH - 3 ATP

FADH2 - 2 ATP

In summary, krebs, glycerol-3-phosphate shunt, glycolysis produce a total of how many ATPs

36 or 38

Antioxidants

ACESZ

What is the allosteric enzyme in glycolysis

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

In what steps of glycolysis does the mechanism consume 1 ATP

step 1 and 3 (phosphorylation steps)

In what steps of glycolysis does the mechanism synthesize 1 ATP

step 7 and 10

What three steps in glycolysis does isomerization occur

step 2, 5, 8

What are the different products of glycolysis based on if there are aerobic/anaerobic conditions

aerobic = pyruvate → acetyl coA

anaerobic = pyruvate → lactate

Wheat and rice are missing

lysine

Legumes are missing

methionine

Corn is missing

lysine and tryptophan

What is a mirror image

enantiomer

Rate limiting step of krebs cycle

isocitrate dehydrogenase

Rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis

acetyl coA carboxylase

Rate limiting step of beta oxidation

carnitine acyltransferase I

Kinase function

transfers phosphate

Oxidoreductase function

moves hydrogen

NAD ____ molecules and NADH ____ molecules

breaks (catabolic) ; builds (anabolic)