Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury

These flashcards encompass key concepts related to acute and chronic kidney injuries, their causes, effects, and management strategies.

What is the main cause of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Hypertension, which constricts vessels and cuts blood flow to the kidneys.

What are the three phases of acute kidney injury?

Oliguric phase, Diuresis phase, and Recovery phase.

What is the term for no urine output?

Anuric.

What typically happens during the diuresis phase of acute kidney injury?

Patients start recovering with increased urine output, but the urine is typically diluted.

What two comorbidities are common causes of chronic renal failure?

Diabetes and hypertension.

In chronic renal failure, what happens when 50% of the nephrons are not functioning?

This is referred to as diminished renal reserve.

What is nocturia?

Frequent nighttime urination.

What may cause anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?

Decreased production of erythropoietin due to reduced kidney function.

What is the significance of a GFR below 60 mL/min?

It indicates moderate to severe loss of renal function, which may lead to chronic kidney failure.

What does ESRD stand for?

End Stage Renal Disease.

What is one of the management strategies for high potassium levels in chronic renal failure?

Administering medications that stimulate bowel movements to expel excess potassium.

What is uremic frost?

A rare symptom of renal failure where waste products are excreted through the skin, leaving a white powdery residue.

How often is dialysis typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease?

Three days a week for three to four hours each session.

What is hydronephrosis?

Swelling of the kidney due to a build-up of urine from obstruction.

What are nephrotoxic agents that may cause intrarenal damage?

NSAIDs, aminoglycosides like gentamicin, and certain dyes.