1.1-1.3 Knowt cards

What did prehistoric people believe caused illness?

Prehistoric people believed illness was caused by evil spirits or gods.

What role did herbs play in early healing practices?

Herbs were used to treat wounds and help those who were sick.

What is the Latin root of the word of herb, and what does it mean?

The Latin root word of herb is herbal meaning plant.

What does the term spiritual derive from, and what does it signify?

The word spiritual derives from the Latin word spiritus meaning breathing or soul. It signifies a connection.

What is Poultice, and how was it used in early medicine?

Poultice is a material used in early medicine for various health problems in order to try and treat someone who's ill.

What pain-revealing substance is found in Willow bark?

Salicin is a pain-revealing substance found in Willow bark.

Define trepanation and explain its purpose and ancient cultures.

Trupanion was a medical procedure where a hole was made in someone's skull believing it treated head issues and released spirits.

What does the Greek root trypanon mean?

The Greek word trypanon means bore.

What archaeological evidence suggests prehistoric people survived trepanation?

There were skulls found after the procedure were the bone was healed.

Who was Ötzi the Iceman, and what does he reveal about early medicine?

Ötzi the Iceman, was a mummy discovered many years later after being carefully preserved. He revealed that the medicine of his time was indeed impactful. (acupuncture, medicinal fungus like penicillin and antibiotics/ laxatives)

What medicinal items did Ötzi carry?

He carried medicinal fungus like penicillin and antibiotics/ laxatives.

How did religion influence Egyptian views on illness?

Religion influenced Egyptian views on illness significantly. Because of their beliefs they used potions in which they believed were religious remedies.

Who was Imhotep, and why is he significant in medical history?

Imhotep was an Egyptian god known as "the god of medicine". He is significant in medical history because he was the author of Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus which talked about treatments for many injuries. He actually observed and studied to find successful remedies for a variety of illnesses.

What does it mean that Imhotep was deified?

After death Imhotep claimed the title of a god elevating his status.

What two major medical texts come from ancient Egypt?

Two major texts from ancient egypt included Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus and Ebers Papyrus.

What type of information was found in the Smith Papyrus?

Found in the Smiths Papyrus was information regarding practical treatments like stitching, bandaging, and antiseptics.

What did the Ebers Papyrus contain?

The Ebers Papyrus contained "spells and remedies for various ailments". It had 700 remedies!

What is the origin of the word papyrus?

The origin of the word papyrus comes from the greek word pyros. Some believe the greek word means "that of the pharaoh" but there's no set answer.

Break down the word antiseptic into prefix and root.

Anti meaning against and septic meaning disease.

How did mummification contribute to anatomical knowledge?

Mummification contributed to anatomical knowledge by allowing organs to be examined for medical information.

What are the four humors in Greek medicine?

The four humors in Greek medicine are Blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

What did Greek physicians believe caused illness?

Greek physicians believe imbalance of the four humors caused illness.

What does the latin root umor mean?

The latin root umor means fluid.

Who was Hippocrates, and what is his significance?

Hippocrates was the father of Western medicine. He "promoted observation and systematization".

What does acute mean, and what is its latin root?

Acute means sharp and its latin root is acūtus.

What does chronic mean, and what is its Greek root?

Chronic means for a period of time and its Greek root is khronos.

What practices did Hippocrates advocate for patient care?

Hippocrates advocated for observation and systematization. He encouraged having a good diet and practicing good health and hygiene habits.

How did Hippocrates medicine differ from religious explanations?

Rather than just believing in superstitions Hippocrates studied medicine and didn't reply just on religion for healing. His treatments "aimed to restore humoral balance."

Who was Galen, and what was his contribution to medicine?

Galen was a Greek surgeon and physician who contributed to medicine by dissecting animals for anatomical knowledge and synthesized Hippocrates' ideas.

What types of patients did Galen treat that informed his knowledge?

Galen treated gladiators as it was "practical surgical experience".

How long did Galen's ideas dominate medicine?

For about 1400 years Galen's ideas dominated medicine.

What public health innovations did the Romans create?

Some innovations the Romans created include aqueducts, baths, and sanitation systems in order to prevent disease.

Name three surgical tools used by Roman physicians.

Saws, hooks, and scalpels were all tools used by Roman physicians.

How did medical knowledge change during the Dark Ages?

During the dark age there was a decline of scientific medicine and they returned to superstition, along with praying, and religious rituals.

What role did superstition play in medicine during this period?

Because so many people stopped actually researching and working with medicine a devastating plague started killing one-third of Europe.

What caused medicine to regress after the fall of Rome?

After the fall of Rome medicine regressed because of people returning to credulity.

When did the Black Death occur, and how many people died?

The Black death occured from 1347-1351 killing over 40 million people.

What bacteria caused the Black Death?

The bacteria Yersinia pestis caused the Black death.

How was the plague spread?

Fleas on rats carried the tainted blood of the rat and transferred it to people when the fleas bit them.

What were the symptoms of the bubonic plague?

Fever, buboes, and gangrene were all symptoms of the plague.

What does the term bubo mean, and where does it come from?

The term bubo means groin swelling and comes from the Greek word boubon.

What treatments were used for plague victims in medieval Europe?

Some treatments used were "bloodletting, charms, and religious penance."

Why did many people blame themselves for getting sick?

Many people blamed themselves for getting sick because they believed it was their wrongdoings that caused them to fall ill because they believed gods were mad and punishing them.

What were alchemists attempting to discover?

Alchemists were attempting to discover the philosopher's stone.

How did alchemists contribute to the development of pharmacology?

Alchemists contributed by creating chemical remedies. (They were like an early version of pharmacies!)

In what way were alchemists both mystics and chemists?

Alchemists were both mystics and chemists by creating chemical remedies and seeking things like the philosopher's stone! They were both relying on religion and using observations.

What is Qi, and how does it relate to Chinese medicine?

Qi is believed to be a "vital energy". It relates to chinese medicine because the chinese relied on Qi balance, and things like Yin and Yan, and herbs.

What are the principles of Yin and Yang?

The principles of Yin and Yang are "opposition, mutual consumption, interdependence, and inner transformation".

What is the Yellow Emperor's Classic, and why is it significant?

The Yellow Emperor's Classic is a collection of writings that showed the Yellow Emperor's all-encompassing approach with medicine and health.

Break down the word acupuncture into its parts.

Acc meaning needle and puncture meaning penetrate.

What are the three doshas in Indian Ayurvedic medicine?

The three doshas are Vata (wind) , Pitta (fire) , and Kapha (earth).

Who was Sushruta, and what was his contribution to medicine?

Sushruta was a physician known as the "father of surgery". He wrote writings (Sushruta Samhita) that went into detail about surgeries and techniques.

How did Ayurveda treat illness differently than Western traditions?

Ayurveda treated illness by looking at the whole body and used one's spirit and mind while Western traditions included using scientifically-proven methods.

What role did nature and spirit play in Native American healing?

Nature and spirit were important because it showed us the way they lived and how they thought it was beneficial in there life/healings.

Name three herbal remedies used by Native American healers.

Animal parts, roots, and bark were used by Native Americans as herbal remedies.

How was Native American medicine communal?

Because of their belief in spiritual healing shamanism was practiced globally making it communal. They worked together as a community.

What is a shamen, and what role did they play in healing?

A shaman is a guru who was intermediaries with spirits. They could diagnose/treat illness and help restore harmony.

List three common shamanic healing practices.

Three common shamanic healing practices were the use of plants for medicine, energy clearing, and shamanic journeying.

What is one reason shamanism developed in many different regions?

One reason shamanism developed in many different regions was because they talked about worldwide experiences.

What kinds of materials were used in African traditional medicine?

They used roots, bark, and animal parts.

Why is botanical knowledge important for african healers?

Botanical knowledge is important for african healers because they use herbs for healing and medicine and more over all knowledge with their practices.

What are the two types of healers in ancient Mesopotamian medicine?

Spiritual and practical (Asu and Asipu) healers were the two types of healers in ancient Mesopotamian medicine.

What were the roles of the Ashipu and the Asu?

They were healers who practiced medicine and studied health.

What was Hammurabi's Code, and how did it influence medicine?

The Hammurabi's Code established that "physicians were held accountable for treatment outcomes." It influenced medicine by establishing regulations and making medicine tested better.

Break down the term malpractice into prefix and root.

Mal meaning bad and practice meaning application.

Why was legal accountability important in early Mesopotamian medicine?

It was important because insured patients would be taken care of better.

Who was Al Rhazi and what text did he write?

Al Rhaz was a persian physician who wrote extensively on medicine.

What does Kitab al-Hawi mean in English?

Kitab al-Hawi means book comprehensive.

What did Al Rhazi emphasize in clinical training?

Al Rhazi emphasized “careful observation, clinical experience, and experimentation.”

What principle did Al Rhazi promote long before germ theory?

Al Rhazi promoted the principle of “cleanliness in healing wounds and treating infections” long before germ theory.

Who was Ibn Sina and what was his most famous book?

Ibn Sina was also a persian physician who wrote The Canon-of Medicine.

What does the word Canon mean in the

The Canon-of Medicine?

The word canon in this context means “rule”.

What idea did Ibn Sina introduce about how diseases spread?

Ibn Sina introduced the idea that diseases spread through “water, soil, and air.”

What is the root meaning of the word contagion?

Con meaning together and tagere meaning touch.

What did Ibn Sina believe about the causes of disease?

He proposed the Germ theory. He proposed that diesel spreads from one person to another.

What role did Greek and Roman texts play in Arab-Islamic medicine?

Greek and Roman texts played a vital role in Arab-Islamic medicine by creating a foundation of knowledge for medicine and for invitation of new medicine.

What are the four humors in ancient Greek medical theory?

The four humors are blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

What did physicians believe happened when the humors were imbalanced?

Physicians believed that it would cause disease.

What treatments were used to restore balance in the humors?

Treatments used were bloodletting, purging, and diet or lifestyle changes.

What does the term phlegm mean in its Greek root?

In Greek root phlegm means inflammation.

What is the origin of the term melancholia?

The origin of the term melancholia means black bile. Melas meaning black and chole meaning bile.

Who are the two key historical figures associated with humorism?

The two key figures associated with humorism were Galen and Hippocrates.

What elements or emotions were linked with each humor?

Fire, earth, air, and water were linked with the four humors.

What role did bloodletting play in humor-based medicine?

Bloodletting was believed to work help balance out the four humors.

What belief system justified the use of purging as treatment?

The belief system humoral theory justified the use of purging as a treatment.

What is the Latin origin of the word humor?

The Latin origin of the word humor is umor which means fluid.

Where did major medical schools emerge during the Arab revival?

Major medical schools emerged in the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.

What was the significance of the Salerno Medical School?

The significance of the Salerno Medical School was that it was the first Western University to teach medicine.

What kind of treatments became more common with formal schooling?

Treatments like Hospital based treatment became common as well as dedicated wards for diseases and surgical procedures.

What is the origin of the word hospital?

The origin of the word hospital is hospes meaning guest or host.

What does the Greek word cheirourgia mean?

Cheirourgia means surgery.

How did formal education shift medicine away from apprenticeships?

Formal education rejected old methods like tested strictly on animals and began testing on people rather and improved structure of how they did things.

What regions preserved and expanded classical medical texts?

Central Asia and Europe expanded classical medical texts.

Why was the development of disease-specific wards important?

The development of disease-specific wards was important because it expanded people’s knowledge on health and medicine and gave doctors a better understanding of how to treat and take care of their patients.

Who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he publish?

Andreas Vesalius was the founder of modern medicine and he wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica.

What is the full title of Vesalius's anatomical text?

De Humani Corporis Fabrica was Vesalius’s full title for his book.

What does De Humani Corporis Fabrica translate to?

De Humani Corporis Fabrica translates to body fabric.

What was revolutionary about Vesalius's use of human dissection?

Vesalius's use of human dissection was revolutionary because he stopped testing on animals and emphasized direct observation (via dissection).

Whose anatomical mistakes did Vesalius correct?

Vesalius corrected Galens mistakes.

What is the Latin root of the word corpus?

The Latin root of corpus means body.