Section 9: Cellular Respiration
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115 Terms
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells harvest energy from glucose to produce ATP.
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
To convert the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP.
Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic process?
Catabolic.
Where does most cellular respiration occur?
In the mitochondria.
Which stage occurs in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis.
Which stages occur inside mitochondria?
Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Which molecule is the original fuel for respiration?
Glucose.
Which gas is consumed during aerobic respiration?
Oxygen.
Which gas is produced as waste?
Carbon dioxide.
What are the four stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Which stage produces the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Which stage occurs without oxygen?
Glycolysis.
Which stage begins glucose breakdown?
Glycolysis.
Which stage completely oxidizes carbon compounds?
The Krebs cycle.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm.
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No.
How many carbons are present in glucose?
6.
How many pyruvate molecules are produced?
2.
How many carbons are in each pyruvate?
3.
How many ATP are invested during glycolysis?
2.
How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?
4.
What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How many NADH are produced during glycolysis?
2.
Does glycolysis occur in prokaryotes?
Yes.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
ATP production by direct phosphate transfer.
Which stage uses substrate-level phosphorylation?
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
What enters the mitochondrion after glycolysis?
Pyruvate.
What is pyruvate converted into?
Acetyl-CoA.
How many carbons are removed as CO₂ from each pyruvate?
One.
How many acetyl-CoA molecules are produced per glucose?
Two.
How many NADH are produced during pyruvate oxidation per glucose?
Two.
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
What molecule enters the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl-CoA.
What molecule combines with acetyl-CoA?
Oxaloacetate.
What is the first product formed?
Citrate.
Why is it called the citric acid cycle?
The first product is citrate (citric acid).
How many turns occur per glucose?
Two.
How much ATP is produced directly per glucose?
2 ATP.
How many NADH are produced per glucose?
6.
How many FADH₂ are produced per glucose?
2.
How many CO₂ molecules are released per glucose?
4.
What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?
To harvest high-energy electrons for the electron transport chain.
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which molecules donate electrons to the ETC?
NADH and FADH₂.
Why are electrons transferred through multiple proteins?
To release energy gradually.
What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen.
What happens when oxygen accepts electrons?
It combines with H⁺ to form water.
What happens if oxygen is absent?
The ETC stops.
Why is oxygen essential?
It removes electrons from the ETC, allowing respiration to continue.
What is chemiosmosis?
The movement of H⁺ down its electrochemical gradient to produce ATP.
Which enzyme synthesizes ATP?
ATP synthase.
How is the proton gradient generated?
The ETC pumps H⁺ into the intermembrane space.
Where is H⁺ concentration highest?
Intermembrane space.
Where do protons flow during ATP synthesis?
Back into the matrix through ATP synthase.
What powers ATP synthase?
The proton motive force.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP production using the ETC and chemiosmosis.
How much ATP is produced mainly by oxidative phosphorylation?
Approximately 26–28 ATP.
Approximately how many ATP are produced per glucose in eukaryotes?
30–32 ATP.
How many ATP come directly from glycolysis?
2.
How many ATP come directly from the Krebs cycle?
2.
Where does most ATP originate?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the role of NADH?
It carries high-energy electrons to the ETC.
What is the role of FADH₂?
It also carries electrons to the ETC.
Which produces more ATP: NADH or FADH₂?
NADH.
Why does NADH produce more ATP?
It enters the ETC earlier than FADH₂.
What is fermentation?
ATP production without oxygen by regenerating NAD⁺.
Why is NAD⁺ regeneration important?
Glycolysis requires NAD⁺ to continue.
How much ATP does fermentation produce per glucose?
2 ATP.
Does fermentation produce additional ATP beyond glycolysis?
No.
What are the two major types of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Which cells perform lactic acid fermentation?
Muscle cells and many bacteria.
Which organisms perform alcoholic fermentation?
Yeast.
What products are formed during alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol and CO₂.
What product forms during lactic acid fermentation?
Lactate.
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration using oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration occurring without oxygen.
Which produces more ATP?
Aerobic respiration.
Why is aerobic respiration more efficient?
It completely oxidizes glucose.
Why do mitochondria contain many folds (cristae)?
To increase surface area for ATP production.
Where is ATP synthase located?
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
Where is mitochondrial DNA located?
Matrix.
Which mitochondrial compartment contains the Krebs cycle?
Matrix.
Where is glucose completely oxidized?
By the end of the Krebs cycle.
Which stage produces CO₂?
Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle.
Which stage produces water?
Electron transport chain.
Which stage consumes oxygen?
Electron transport chain.
Which stage occurs in every organism?
Glycolysis.
Why can prokaryotes perform respiration without mitochondria?
The ETC is located in their plasma membrane.
Which stage produces the greatest amount of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Which stage occurs entirely in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis.
Which stage generates the proton gradient?
Electron transport chain.
Which enzyme directly synthesizes ATP?
ATP synthase.
Which molecule is reduced to form water?
Oxygen.
Which molecules are oxidized during respiration?
Glucose and electron carriers (NADH/FADH₂ donate electrons).
IMAT trap: Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No.
IMAT trap: Does fermentation produce more ATP than glycolysis?
No.
IMAT trap: Which stage releases the most CO₂?
Krebs cycle (combined with pyruvate oxidation).
IMAT trap: Which stage directly consumes oxygen?
Electron transport chain.