american revolution

What was the primary cause of the American Revolution?

Colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control and make the colonies repay the crown for their defense during the French and Indian War. (Often summarized as "Taxation Without Representation.")

What was the Stamp Act (1765)?

A British law imposing a direct tax on printed materials in the colonies (legal documents, newspapers, playing cards). It led to widespread protests.

What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?

A series of British acts imposing duties (taxes) on imports like glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Sparked further colonial outrage and boycotts.

What was the Boston Massacre (1770)?

A confrontation between British soldiers and a Boston mob, resulting in the deaths of five colonists. Used by patriots as propaganda against British rule.

What was the Boston Tea Party (1773)?

A protest by American colonists (Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Indians) against the Tea Act. They boarded British ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

What were the Intolerable Acts (1774)?

: A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party. They closed Boston Harbor, altered Massachusetts's government, and allowed British troops to be quartered in private homes.

What was the significance of the First Continental Congress (1774)?

• The "shot heard 'round the world" and the first military engagements of the American Revolution. British troops marched to seize colonial military supplies, but were met by colonial militias (Minutemen).

Who was George Washington?

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and later the first President of the United States.

What was the significance of the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775)?

• A costly British victory near Boston. Although the Americans lost, they inflicted heavy casualties on the British, demonstrating their ability to stand up to the regular army.

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted, and what was its main purpose

July 4, 1776. It declared the colonies' separation from Great Britain and articulated the fundamental principles of American democracy (e.g., natural rights, popular sovereignty)

What was the significance of the Battle of Trenton

A crucial American victory after crossing the Delaware River. George Washington surprised Hessian mercenaries, boosting American morale during a difficult period.

What was the significance of the Battles of Saratoga

A decisive American victory that is considered the turning point of the war. It convinced France to formally ally with the United States and provide military aid.

What happened at Valley Forge

• The winter encampment of the Continental Army where soldiers endured harsh conditions, disease, and starvation. Despite the suffering, Baron von Steuben's training helped transform the army into a more disciplined force.

What was the Siege of Yorktown (1781)?

The final major battle of the American Revolution. Combined American and French forces trapped British General Cornwallis's army, leading to his surrender and effectively ending the war.

What was the Treaty of Paris (1783)

The treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War. Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States and granted it vast western territories.