Chem 1A: Balancing Reactions and Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry

Quantitative relationships in chemical reactions.

Limiting Reagent

Reactant producing the least amount of product.

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance in g/mol.

Balancing Equations

Adjusting coefficients to equalize reactants and products.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in reactions.

Mole

Quantity equivalent to 6.022 x 10²³ particles.

London Dispersion Forces

Weak forces from temporary dipoles in molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractions between permanent dipoles in polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bonds

Strong dipole-dipole interactions involving H, N, O, or F.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Interactions between ions and polar molecules.

Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

Forces mediating interactions between neighboring molecules.

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon.

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Bond Connectivity

Arrangement of atoms in a molecule affecting properties.

Electronegativity Difference

Measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons.

Diamagnetic

Substance with all paired electrons, no net magnetic field.

Paramagnetic

Substance with unpaired electrons, exhibits magnetism.

Molecular Orbital (MO) Diagram

Visual representation of electron distribution in molecules.

Ground State

Lowest energy state of an atom or molecule.

LUMO

Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital.

HOMO

Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital.

Viscosity

Resistance of a liquid to flow.

Boiling Point

Temperature at which a liquid turns to vapor.

Stable Molecule

Molecule with lower energy configuration.