Dog and cat endoparasites

Nematodes

ascarids

What nematode is Toxocara canis and felis

they’re ascarids

What is toxocara canis and felis commonly refereed to?

roundworm

What is extremely common in young animals ?

toxocara canis and felis

Where is Toxocara canis and felis found in the body?

small intestine

How long is roundworm?

3-15 cm in length

What has a High zoonotic importance?

T. canis

How are puppies with T. canis most commonly infected?

transplacental route

What do pups < 3 months ingest to get infected with T. Canis?

embryonated infective eggs

What do hatched larvae penetrate in puppies with T. canis?

the intestinal mucosa and reach the lungs via the liver and bloodstream

eggs in T. canis puppies are coughed up and swallowed maturing to?

egg-producing adults in the small intestine

Where do larvae penetrate in adults with T. canis?

intestinal mucosa, and migrate to tissues, where development is arrested

Where do dormant larvae mobilize and migrate in pregnant bitches?

developing fetus

Larva can be found in the intestines of puppies as early as

1 week after birth

What's it called when larvae migrate into the mammary gland

Transmammary infection

Dogs can also be infected with T. canis by ingesting?

paratenic hosts (rat)

Dogs typically become immune to roundworm as they ___

age

How long does it take for T. Canis eggs that are shed in the environment to become infective?

2-4 weeks

true or false T. Canis is zoonotic

true

Most human infections of T. canis are?

asymptomatic

human infection of T. Canis

visceral larva migrans

visceral larva migrans

Condition in humans which roundworm larvae migrate through the body, causing damage to internal organs

Ocular larva migrans

when toxacara migrates to eye

Estimated that ___% of US population over 6 yrs of age is seropositive for Toxocara

14%

Approximately ____ documented cases in the US annually (ocular form)

70 - 100

Who are most commonly affected with visceral and ocular larva migrans

Children

Baylisascaris procyonis

raccoon roundworm

What can cause fatal llarva migrans in people?

Baylisascaris procyonis

Baylisascaris procyonisn is present in up to ____% of racoons

90%

Raccoon latrine

using the bathroom in the same place

What is not effective against Baylisascaris procyonis eggs?

disinfectants

What are 5 clinical T. Canis signs?

1. young animals + lack of growth and loss of condition
2. dull coat and often are "pot-bellied."
3. Worms may be vomited and often voided in the feces
4. Diarrhea with mucus
5. Migrating larvae can cause cough, pneumonia

true or false T. cani are zoonotic

true

Theres no transplacental infection in?

cats with T. Cati

Toxocara leoni

seen in both dogs and cats in the US

true or false Toxocara leoni is zoonotic

false

How do we treat toxocara?

1. Deworming
2. regular removal of feces from litterboxes and yards
3. Fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate , ivermectin
4. Wash your hands

Deworming of puppies and kittens starts when?

2 weeks of age

How often is deworming of puppies and kittens repeated

repeated every 2 weeks until on monthly prevention

How long does it take for toxocara eggs to become infective

2-4 weeks

What are hookworms called?

Ancylostoma spp

What's another name for Hookworms?

intestinal vampires

What do hookworms cause?

significant anemia and death, particularly in young puppies

Hookworms eggs are?

thin walled

Where do hookworms eggs hatch?

into the soil

True or false hookworms can be passed via milk

true

True or false hookworms are seen in fecal floats

true

where do hookworm eggs hatch

into soil

where will hookworm larva penetrate

skin

where will hookworm larva travel to

• make their way to the lungs

• are coughed up and swallowed

where do hookworm adults live in

small intestine

What is dark tarry stool called?

melena

What are 3 hookworm symptoms

1. Anemia
2. Poor haircoat
3. Melena

What type of larval migrans do hookworms have?

cutaneous larval migrans

What is a big deal in vet. med when it comes to hookworms

treatment resistance

Estimated approx ___% of US hookworms have resistance markers

11%

What are whipworms in dogs called?

Trichuris vulpis

What do whipworms inhabit in dogs?

1. cecum

2. colon

How are whipworms attached to the intestinal wall in dogs?

With their ventral end embedded in the mucosa

What type of eggs do whipworms produce?

Thick-shelled eggs with bipolar plugs

How long does it take for whipworm eggs to become infective in a suitable environment?

1-2 months in a warm, moist environment

How long can whipworm eggs remain viable in a suitable environment?

Up to 5 years

What environmental condition makes whipworm eggs susceptible to dying?

dessiccation

what are 3 common signs of whipworm

1. bloody stool

2. diarrhea

3. increased muscous & straining

mode of whipworm transmission

fecal-oral

what syndrome can heavy whipworm burdens mimic in dogs

pseudoaddisonian syndrome

potential consequence of severe whipworm infection in dogs

death

why is it difficult to diagnose whipworm infections in dogs

easy to miss during fecal flotation tests

Eggs in whipworm are shed?

intermittently, irregular

Whipworm burdens can mimic?

hypoadrenocorticism

Hyperadrenocorticism

severely low sodium, elevated potassium

not all monthly dewormers/heartworm preventatives will treat hookworm so we must?

read the label

What is required to treat whipworm

re-treatment

Retreatment in whipworm

immature whipworms are not susceptible to most of the antiparasitics

When are whipworms susceptible to antiparasitics?

only become so at 3 months of "age"

True or false Heartgard will kill whipworm

false

What works against whipworm

Sentinel, Advantage Multi, Interceptor (monthly)

What is uncommon in the US

flukes

Another name for flukes

Trematodes

Paragonimus kellicotti inhabits the

lungs

What is the intermediate hosts for Paragonimus kellicotti

snail then crayfish

Paragonimus kellicotti is also know as

lung fluke

Nanophyetus salmincola is fluke of

fish

what fluke is the transmitter of "Salmon Poisoning" (rickettsial bacteria)

Nanophyetus salmincola

Tapeworms are called?

Cestodes

Cestodes are commonly infected with?

Dipylidium caninum secondary to ingestion of flea

What are Proglottids in tapeworms?

Flat, segments that are shed

Dipylidium caninum

Flea tapeworm

How do Echinoccus spp. infections occur?

consumption of cysts of the tapeworms in tissues of infected animal

Echinoccus spp. Cysts are called?

hydatid cysts

Where do Echinoccus spp. hydatid cysts develop into adult tapeworms in dogs?

dog’s intestine

Echinococcus eggs are shed in?

feces, where they are ingested by an intermediate host

What is a huge zoonotic disease concern in people?

Hydatid disease

How is Hydatid disease transmitted?

Through fecal-oral ingestion of eggs

Once ingested, where do eggs of the Hydatid disease hatch

in the intestine

After the eggs of the hydatid disease hatch, where do they migrate to

• migrate thru tissues

• set up cysts in multiple organs

What are the potential consequences of Hydatid disease?

Cysts may require surgical removal and can often lead to death

What is the global prevalence of Echinococcus infections?

1 million people infected worldwide

What type of interaction do Taenia spp. tapeworms require?

Predator/prey type

Which Taenia species is most common in dogs?

Taenia pisiformis