chapter 6
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142 Terms
Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? ________.
Answer: All of the answers are correct
Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? ________.
Answer: tendons
The shaft of long bones is called the ________.
Answer: diaphysis
A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.
Answer: trochlea
A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a ________.
Answer: tuberosity
A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a ________.
Answer: sinus
The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a ________.
Answer: head
A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.
Answer: foramen
The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones.
Answer: 206
Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? ________.
Answer: vertebra
The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the ________.
Answer: epiphyses
The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.
Answer: short
A rib is an example of a ________ bone.
Answer: flat
The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
Answer: sesamoid
Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.
Answer: sutural
________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet.
Answer: sesamoid
The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
Answer: long
A ________ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone.
Answer: trochanter
A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a ________.
Answer: foramen
The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a ________.
Answer: condyle
A shallow depression on a bone is termed a ________.
Answer: fossa
The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the ________.
Answer: metaphysis
Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are ________.
Answer: long bones
Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are ________.
Answer: flat bones
Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are ________.
Answer: short bones
Bones that have complex shapes are ________.
Answer: irregular bones
Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are ________.
Answer: sesamoid bones
Canaliculi are ________.
Answer: narrow passageways connecting lacunae to blood supply
Which of the following is not true of osteocytes? ________.
Answer: Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei
Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? ________.
Answer: Osteoclasts secrete protein-digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix
Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells? ________.
Answer: osteoclasts
Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? ________.
Answer: mature bone cell
Bone is composed of ________ percent cells.
Answer: 2
Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called ________.
Answer: osteoblasts
________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.
Answer: osteogenic cells
Through the action of osteoclasts, ________.
Answer: bony matrix is dissolved
The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a ________.
Answer: lacuna
Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone? ________.
Answer: chondroitin sulfate
________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
Answer: calcium phosphate
________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.
Answer: osteogenic
The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.
Answer: protein-crystal
The most abundant cell type in bone is ________.
Answer: osteocytes
The lacunae of osseous tissue contain ________.
Answer: osteocytes
How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? ________.
Answer: the bone would be more flexible
The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called ________.
Answer: canaliculi
In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of ________.
Answer: hydroxyapatite
Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells.
Answer: osteogenic
Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called ________.
Answer: osteoclasts
________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints.
Answer: articular cartilage
Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the ________.
Answer: osteoclasts
Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called ________.
Answer: osteoblasts
The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called ________.
Answer: osteoid
Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are ________.
Answer: circumferential lamellae
The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the ________.
Answer: periosteum
Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called ________.
Answer: perforating fibers
The central canal of an osteon contains ________.
Answer: blood vessels
The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called ________.
Answer: trabeculae
The type of bone adapted to withstand stresses from many directions is ________ bone.
Answer: spongy
The structural units of mature compact bone are called ________.
Answer: osteons
Adipose tissue is stored within the ________.
Answer: medullary cavity
Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? ________.
Answer: The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts
In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are ________.
Answer: parallel
The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking.
Answer: 10 to 15
________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.
Answer: red
The lining of the medullary cavity is called the ________.
Answer: endosteum
________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.
Answer: spongy
The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are ________.
Answer: circumferential lamellae
Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? ________.
Answer: Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite
______ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched.
Answer: collagen
The superficial membrane of a bone is called the ________.
Answer: periosteum
The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is ________.
Answer: appositional growth
During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis. ________.
Answer: nutrient arteries and veins
During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone.
Answer: ossification
A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of ________.
Answer: heterotopic bone formation
What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification? ________.
Answer: hyaline cartilage
The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? ________.
Answer: hyaline cartilage
The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as ________.
Answer: calcification
Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? ________.
Answer: the roof of the skull and the clavicle
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) ________.
Answer: cartilage model
The correct order for the steps of endochondral ossification is ________.
Answer: 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
Secondary ossification centers occur ________.
Answer: in the epiphyses
Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.
Answer: osteoblast
Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? ________.
Answer: It results in short, stubby fingers
Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of ________.
Answer: cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis
Intramembranous ossification ________.
Answer: produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull
Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the ________.
Answer: diaphysis
Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which statement is true? ________.
Answer: The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible
During appositional growth, bones ________.
Answer: grow wider
When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, ________.
Answer: long bones have reached their adult length
When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited, bones ________.
Answer: grow longer
Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by ________.
Answer: elevated levels of estrogen
When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates ________.
Answer: become narrower
The correct order for intramembranous ossification is ________.
Answer: 4, 2, 1, 3
In normal adult bones, ________.
Answer: a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year
The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called ________.
Answer: remodeling
How do sex hormones affect bone growth? ________.
Answer: They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement.
Which hormone increases calcium and phosphate ion absorption by the intestines? ________.
Answer: calcitriol
A lack of exercise could ________.
Answer: result in porous and weak bones.
When stress is applied to a bone, ________.
Answer: the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.
Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in ________.
Answer: gigantism.