physical science unit test

Group

Going vertical (up and down)

Periods

Horizontal (left and right), the atoms always gain 1 proton and the # of electrons shells stays the same

Alkali metals

Alkaline earth metals

Halogens

Noble gases

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a mass of 1 and a charge of 0

Neutron

Dense positive center of an atom

Nucleus

Basic unit of a chemical consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons

Atom

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a mass of 1 and a charge of +1

Proton

Has 0 mass and a -1 charge, surrounding the nucleus

Electron

Elements found in top right corner of periodic table

Nonmetals

The elements that touch the staircase line of the periodic table

Metalloids

Elements on the left and center of periodic table

Metals

Atoms with unequal number of protons and electrons

Ion

An area around the nucleus that can hold a specific number of electrons

Electron shell

Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

Isotope

An atom that has gained electrons and has a negative charge

Anion

Electrons found on the outermost shell

Valence electron

An atom that has lost electrons and has a positive charge

Cation

Cations

Have more protons than electrons

-positive charge

-ex: beryllium (Be) cation with +2 charge

Anions

Have more electrons than protons

-negative charge

-ex: oxygen anion with a -2 charge

Atom with labels

Valence electrons are on the outermost shell

Isotopes

Atoms with the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons

Ions

Have a different # of electrons

-two types: cations & anions

How to get protons

They’re the same # as the atomic #

How to get electrons

For a neutral atom the # of electrons is the same as the # of protons

How to get neutrons

Round the atomic mass to the whole and subtract the atomic # (proton #)

If electrons are NOT neutral…

The atom becomes an ion

-if it has more electrons than protons it’s a anion (negatively charged)

-if it has more protons than electrons it’s a cation (positively charged)

Metals

Shiny, malleable (can be bent or hammered into shape, great at conducting heat and electricity

Nonmetals

Dull, brittle (break easily), conductors of heat and electricity

Metalloids

Mix of both metals and nonmetals, shiny yet brittle, semiconductors, conduct electricity in certain conditions

Equations to know

1. # of protons + # of neutrons = mass

2. Mass - # of protons = # of neutrons