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The etymology of the word 'Geography', the language it derived from and its meaning.
"writing earth" in Greek.
Geo --> earth
graphein --> to write
The location(s) on the earth where Projections of Global Temperature Increase by 2080 is expected to be greatest.
The Arctic
The positives that will occur
in this region and what is stronger
Positive > Negative
Positive: Arctic amplification = longer growing season and plants can take up more carbon from air
Why the current era has been named the Anthropocene?
human activity dominated this era bc humans impacted planets climate and ecosystems
Weather
Daily occurrence of temperature and rainfall
A Snapshot of the day
Climate
Long term temperature and rainfall patterns for a region.
Difference between weather and climate
weather is daily occurance
climate is longterm patterns of weather
Time of the year when the sun's rays directly hit Earth and focus the greatest solar energy at the EQUATOR
it receives the most solar energy throughout the entirety of the year
The time of the year when the sun's rays hit Earth most directly and focus the greatest solar energy at the Tropic of CANCER
Summer solstice (JUNE)
The time of the year when the sun's rays hit Earth most directly and focus the greatest solar energy at the Tropic of CAPRICORN
Winter solstice (DECEMEBER)
what is ITCZ?
ITCZ: is where hot air meets and rises, causing clouds and precipitation
Directions of ITCZ throughout the year.
Summer: North of Equator
Winter: South of Equator
Spring: On Equator
The two countries that produce the most oil
US and Saudi Arabia
The two countries that have the largest oil reserves
Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
The example of silver as a resource, what happened to demand for it, and why did that change.
an example is the use of silver in photography.
The demand fell bc technology has advanced.
How can producers and consumers affect the price of a resource?
Consumers by recycling
Producers by doing more exploration, using lower grade resources and cut off grades in existing mines
environment definition #1
1. the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
The organization that recently declared that we were officially in the Anthropocene
International Geological Congress
The epoch that we were in before the Anthropocene.
Holocene
Some of the geological indicators that mark the coming of the Anthropocene
-environmental transformations influenced by human activity
-plastic pollution
-increase of carbon dioxide
The two different possible future scenarios suggested by the Astronomer Royal of the UK.
"The darkest prognosis for the next millennium is that bio, cyber or environmental catastrophes could foreclose humanity's immense potential, leaving a depleted biosphere."
or
"Human societies could navigate these threats, achieve a sustainable future, and inaugurate eras of post-human evolution even more marvellous than what's led to us."
what are the drivers of the Earth's climate system?
Earth-Sun Relations
Distance from the equator
The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Continentality
Altitude
The attributed causes of climate change, the role of human activity in this, the mitigation options to keep warming below 2 C
Human influence of greenhouse gases.
Mitigation options are to reduce energy use and the greenhouse gas intensity, decarbonize energy supply, reduce net emissions and enhance carbon sinks in land-based sector
Reasons why the military is taking an increased interest in climate change
Extreme weather creates more global humanitarian crises. Military will need to adapt to rising sea levels, more violent storms and
widespread droughts
Temperature trends based on distance from equator
Farther from equator, the colder
Warm, moist air rising at the Equator: generally hot and wet
dry air descending at 30 latititude—- hot and dry
The rate at which sea levels are rising in Atlantic City, NJ.
8 inches since 1970
The two New Jersey counties most vulnerable to future sea level rise
Atlantic City, Ocean County
The amount of days with flood events in Atlantic City, in the 1970s and the present day.
1970=5 days
2010= 30 days
The total amount spilled (in barrels) from the Deepwater Horizon explosion.
5 million barrels
The country in West Africa with a quarter of global aluminum resources
Guinea
The economist who said that, "resources are not...".
EW Zimmerman
""Resources are not, they become"
means something only becomes a resource when it is valued or demanded by humans
Study the reading on geoengineering carefully. Especially projects to remove carbon from the atmosphere, and for increasing solar reflectance. Know these different proposals well.
proposals were designed to alter weather systems in order to obtain more favorable climate conditions on a regional scale
Proposal #1= cloud seeding
Proposal #2=to use technologies that would increase the reflectance of incoming solar radiation, which will reduce the heating effect of sunlight upon Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.
proposal #3= proposing to remove CO2 from the air and store it in areas where it cannot interact with Earth's atmosphere
environment #2
2. the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area affected by human activity.
tropical wet climate location
equatorial latitudes (hot, wet climates)
tropical dry climate location
sub tropical high (hot dry climates)
arid climate location
midlatitudes ( hot, dry summers and mild wet winters to cool summers and cold wet winters.
polar climate location
cold, dry, tundra
what is the green new deal?
addresses climate change, offering numerous benefits, including job creation, economic growth, and reduced inequality.
concept of decoupling
-reducing impact of oil spills, adding safety regulations, paying to funds when mining, etc.
- Resource decoupling from economic activity (typically as economic activity increases, resource use increases.)
example country that has done decoupling
Sweden
the example of silver and its importance in explaining why quantities of natural resources are not permanently fixed, and declining
the emergence of digital photography
declining demand for silver due to advanced technology
BUT has risen for solar power though
the negatives feedbacks that will occur in arctic
ice will melt and areas of dark open water are exposed which absorb more heat from the sun and the extra heat melts more ice
Permafrost can thaw and make plants decay and plants will release CO2 and methane causing more warming
What causes ITCZ
happens where two hadley cells meet at the equator
globalization is?
an increase of economy, culture, environmental governance on a global scale
regionalization is?
emergence of new regions and the process of which region retain unique features
how does globalization and regionalization operate?
regionalization is a reaction to globalization
what are the three types of plant life form? and define them
Tree= single, tall, woody stem
Shrub= multiple, short, woody stem
Herbaceous = non woody stem
growth population rate in Ghana?
expanding
growth rate is Kenya is?
contracting
what is the assumption Mathusian made when thinking about how ppl are affected by natural laws of population growth and fall?
people mate with their own self interest
