nutrition chapter 4 exam

what is called the most essential nutrient

water

how long can you survive without water

less than 6 days or even fewer than 3 in a dessert setting

water is the bodies main source of what?

fluoride

what does water transport

nutrients and waste products

what is the bodies cooling system

water

what is heat capacity

the ability to resist thermic change; in other words, water is needed to maintain body heat homeostasis

water is lubricant to what joints

skeletal

do men or women carry slightly more water

men because they have a greater blood volume than women

water accounts for what percentage of body mass

60%

bone is more than what percent of water

20%

muscle is what percent water

75%

blood is about what percent of water

80%

water fluid input includes..

beverages, foods, and metabolism

water fluid output includes...

kidneys, skin, lungs, feces

what is Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH )

Help kidneys retain more water

Prevent excessive water loss in urine

Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water back into the blood

what is Aldosterone

Help kidneys retain more water

Prevent excessive water loss in urine

Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium, and water will follow the sodium back into the blood

thirst is regulated by what

hormones

substances that effect water balance

Alcohol references with ADH and causes more water to be lost in urine; diuretic medications also cause more water to be lost in the urine ) urine output is increased)

10 cups of water each day associated with a decrease of:

Bladder cancer

Breast cancer

Colon cancer

Kidney stone formation

what percent of our water is salty and fresh

97% salty, 3% fresh

of fresh water supply what % is available to use

25%

what percent of water is polar and glacial ice

75%

demand for water is increasing what percent per year in the world

100-500%

bottled water advantages

Calorie-free ( water, tap, or bottles, does not have "empty calories" because water does not have any calories

Sodium free or low sodium

Quenches thirst better than soft drinks

FDA estimates what % of bottles water sold in the USA is bottled tap water

25%-45%

special need for water

Prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, and fever increase water need

High- protein diets, high fiber diets, and alcohol use increase water need

water deficiency leads to what

dehydration

what is often the first sign of dehydration

headache and nausea

dehydration can lead to what

kidney failure, cardiovascular failure and death

what is water toxicity

when you overdose on water

what are consequences to water toxicity

confusion, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, seizure, coma, and death

what are the minerals in hard water

calcium and magnesium

what are the minerals in soft water

contains high sodium concentrate

amino acids are the building blocks of what

protein

protiens are sequences of what

amino acids

essential amino acids

cannot be made by the body. must be consumed in food products

non-essential amino acids

can be made by the body from other amino acids or from fatty acids or carbohydrates when nitrogen is available

of the over 500 known amino acids how many total standard amino acids are naturally eroded into proteins by genes

30

how many amino acids are essential

9

how many amino acids are non-essential

11

conditionally essential amino acids

normally made, but can't make for example if you have a certain disease

what amino acid does your body need extra of of you must make extra tissue from an injury

conditionally essential amino acids

proteins are made from what

condensation of amino acids together

sequence of amino acids determine what

protein shape

the shape of protein determines what

function of protein

denaturing protein structure disrups what

protein function

denaturing protein structure is caused by

heat, acids, oxidation, agitation, detergents,bleach, heavy metals

what type of protein will not affect its protein content

dietary protein

what denatures dietary protein away

stomach acid

what type of proteins can adversely affect body cell functions

somatic proteins

structural and mechanical functions of body protien and amino acids

collagen, keratin, motor proteins, enzymes, and hormones

immune function of body protein

antibodies attack bacteria and viruses

fluid balance function of protein

blood proteins attract fluid

acid-base balance function of protein

proteins act as buffers

what do proteins transport

lipoproteins, hemoglobin, and albumin

protein is needed for

growth and maintenance of new and existing cells

tryptophan is used to make

serotonin

serotonin converts to

melatonin

Phenylalanine is used to make

tyrosine

tyrosine is used to make

dopamine

dopamine can convert to

norepinephrine

dopamine is related to

Parkinson's disease

hyperkinesia is also known as

parkinsons mask

protein is used for energy when

Glycogen and fat stores are low

Rigorous, continues exercise

When carbohydrate intake is inadequate

When calorie intake is inadequate

when glycogen and fat stores are low its called

starvation

your body uses what as energy as a last resort to give your brain glucose

protein

in the stomach, proteins are denatured by

hydrochloric acid

what begins protein digestion

pepsin

in the small intestine, what 3 things complete protein and digestion

pancreatic,intestical proteases, and peptides

what is the order of digestion of proteins

polypeptides, tripe-tides, dipeptides, individual amino acids

individual HAs and some small peptides are absorbed through what

a wall of small intestine into blood

individual HAs are carried to where

the liver then the rest of the body by blood

in order for the body to use amino acid as fuel, what must be removed

the amino group

Deamination

the removal of an amino group from an organism, particularly from an amino acid

if an amino group os left in the blood what will it form

ammonia

buildup of ammonia

is toxic to cells

liver converts what to urea

ammonia

Once the amino group is removed from the amino acid, the remaining 2-carbon skeleton can b used as

fuel

Carbon skeletons can be used in the converts to body fat and stored

tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

glycogenic AA

glucose-forming (may be converted to glucose in the liver

ketogenic AA

Metabolized in the liver to acetyl-CoA ( which may be used for energy production via the TCA cycle or converted to fat and stored

nitrogen equilibrium

-nitrogen intake\=nitrogen output

-healthy adults

positive nitrogen balance

-Nitrogen intake \> nitrogen output

-Growth; recovery from illness

negative nitrogen balance

injury, illness, in elderly

positive nitrogen balance\=

anabolic