Pathophysiology Flashcards for DIVAS

hi sydeny

etiology

the study of disease

pathology v.s. pathophysiology

pathology is study of disease and and pathophysiology is the study of the change in physiology because of disease; study of suffering

what are the 3 common causes of disease?

• congenital: get it during development as a baby (fetal alcohol syndrome)

• genetics: in your DNA

• acquired: get it after birth (literally most everything; tuberculosis, AIDS

sign

something a doctor can observe

elevated temp, fast heartrate, low O2

symptom (acute v.s. chronic)

sensation the patient can feel and describe

headache, pain, throbbing, nausea

acute: develop rapidly and usually only last a little bit

chronic: can happen slowly and stay around for a long time

findings

signs and LAB TESTING

diagnosis

identifying a disease based off of signs and symptoms

determines disease, cause may sometimes be unknown

this leads to potential treatment and/or therapy

pathogenesis

the development of disease

idiopathic

etiology (disease) is unknown

iatrogenic

treatment for something is causing disease or treatment for said disease is making it worse

local disease

in one spot, like a boil on the neck

systemic

all over the body, like toxic shock or full body swelling

focal

disease confined to one area in an organ

diffuse

disease spread throughout the organ

sequelae (plural) sequela (singular)

condition resulting from previous disease that can be temporary or permanent

ex. snakebite results in permanent muscle atrophy

therapy

treatment for improving/removing disease, or just for control

prognosis

a prediction of how a disease and the process of healing will unfold

plasma membrane/cell membrane (how each thing is transported big idea)

selectively permeable (water, gasses, small ions pass freely)

nutrients in, waste out

studded w/ glycoprotein receptors that do immune responses, signaling, and pathogen docking, adhesion, and invasion

some molecules transported w/ the usual stuff

big molecules are moved by:

endocytosis: brings materials into the cell by engulfing them

exocytosis: pushes materials out of the cell by fusing internal vesicles with the membrane

mitochondria

produces ATP via. glycolysis and the krebs cycle (aerobic metabolism) = sugar + water = CO2, water, ATP

endoplasmic reticulum

rough ER = granular, has ribosomes that do protein synthesis

smooth ER = agranular, no ribosomes, contains enzymes for detoxification and construction of lipids (phospholipids, triglycerides, steroid hormones

golgi complex

stores and modifies proteins from the ER and creates vesicles to send them out

lysosome

contains lots of enzymes to break down cell debris and pathogens

binds and fuses with phagosomes to digest debris

nucleus

contains genetic material

contains info for making proteins and regulation of cell activities

cytoskeleton

had actin for ameboid movement (crawling) and has microtubules which form flagella and cilia

neurofibrils only in neurons, they are filaments that provide structure and support

3 causes of cell injury:

• trauma - physical injury due to physical agents

  • temp, radiation, pressure, parasites bacteria and viruses, immune defect

• intoxication - the cell has too much of something that impairs function

  • exogenous - poison from outside like smoke

  • endogenous - poison generated from the inside, usually from genetic diseases and metabolic malfunctions or from ineffective waste removal

• deficiency - when the cell lacks something it needs to function

  • primary nutritional deficiency: you don’t eat enough of what you need

  • secondary nutritional deficiency: you do eat enough of what you need but your body can’t use it right

what are the 3 changes in cells due to injury

hydropic change: cells slow down and Na starts to creep in because the cell isn’t working hard enough to keep the pump regulated (1/3 energy goes there). Cl follows and then water follows and the cell swells up

fatty changes: usually seen in liver, which converts glucose to fat. can also be seen in muscle tissue and pancreas. usually a cell ships out its fat. a sick cell can keep making fat but not ship it out to adipose tissue.

residual bodies: trash that wasn’t thrown out. trash can be undigested stuff or waste. sick cells accumulate this because they can’t properly perform exocytosis

hypoxia

cell switches to aerobic respiration because it doesn’t have enough oxygen. they’ll burn fat instead of glucose and may even eat protein and lipids to make energy

hypertrophy

cells get bigger because of stress. happens in the heart if blood flow is being restricted

hyperplasia

cells multiply to meet production requirements

atrophy

cells shrink so they need less nutrients and O2

• disuse atrophy: you don’t use it, you lose it

• pressure atrophy: pressure is on something long enough to just make it shrink or degrade

metaplasia

a cell type is changed into something else in response to stress to try and be more protective or efficient

• in smokers, cell type changes in the lungs to better protect against the irritants

dysplasia

when a cell becomes weird. they differ in size, shape, and organization. can be an indicator of cancer

apoptosis

programmed cell death, genetically regulated

cell will sense damage and will kill itself. ex. sunburn will cause so much cell damage the cell kills itself

organelle changes

a cell can increase in a certain organelle to be more efficient. like muscles might make themselves have more mitochondria so they can have more energy.

3 types of nuclear change

karyolysis; nucleus is gone, basically dissolved

pyknosis: nucleus shrinks

karyorrhexis: nucleus breaks into fragments

what are the 3 outcomes if a cell becomes injured

• full recovery

• recovers but below normal function

• doesn’t recover and undergoes necrosis (cell death)

coagulation necrosis

type of cell death where the cell kind of fossilizes. the architecture stays the same but it becomes firm and pale from a lack of nutrients.

influx of calcium and loss of protein, decrease in pH

liquefication necrosis

usually occurs in soft tissues with no collagen, like the brain

liquid pools of dead cells

caseous necrosis

looks like cottage cheese

associated with tuberculosis

can be confused with coagulation necrosis but idk why

said to be usually walled off in a granulomatous lesion.

gangrene

death of tissue because of inadequate blood flow (ischemia) or anerobic bacteria (clostridium). there is dry, wet, and gas that leads to putrefaction (the process of decay or rotting in a body or other organic matter) and gas production.

dry: caused by frostbite or ischemia

wet: bacterial infection and swelling

gas: anaerobic bacteria making gas, happens in wat battlefields where this bacteria can infect

calcification

injured areas have a lot of calcium, which shows up in x-rays, called dystrophic necrosis, where calcium crystals form at necrotic spots

ischemia (brain, liver/kidney, heart)

lack of blood flow, therefore not enough oxygen

brain: 3-5 min leads to cell death unless cooled

liver/kidney: hour at body temp, 10 hours on ice

heart: 10 min at body temp, after 20min-1 hour, can’t recover. few hours on ice

fibroblasts: can tolerate anoxia (very low to no O2) very well, helps in tissue repair

intoxication susceptibility in tissues

nephrotoxins: affect kidneys most (fun fact 5 liters of blood go through the kidneys at least 60 times a day, and 20% of blood goes to the kidneys

livertoxins: tetrachloride is broken down making free radicals which damages cells, mitochondria, and molecules

ionizing/nonionizing radiation: makes water molecules with extra electrons, damages DNA, strongly affects rapid dividing cells

viral infections

polio: nervous system

hepatitis: liver

ebola: most organs

papilloma virus: skin, epithelia

how can you determine cell injury?

blood tests and body fluid tests

• pH decrease in urine = renal failure

• decrease in oxygen = respiratory failure

• increase in liver enzymes, decrease in albumin in blood = liver failure

• increase in troponins, LDH, CK, potassium in blood: heart failure

electrocardiogram

EKG/ECG determines heart activity and damage

electroencephalogram

brain activity

electromyogram

muscle contraction, conduction at neuromuscular junction

biopsy

take a sample of tissue and examine it for damage or changes

can be done histology wise or gross examination

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

uses radio waves for soft and hard tissues

CT or CAT

computed tomography, uses x rays, soft and hard tissues

PET

position emission tomography, uses radioactive tracer, can be used with a CT/CAT scan, mostly soft tissue