2.1 prokaryotes; eubacteria and archaebacteria

flagella

helps movement through liquid, swim towards nutrients

nucleoid

contains one chromosome, not enclosed in membrane

plasma membrane

transports of nutrients and ions

cell wall

provides shape, protection and rigidity

plasmid

circular DNA loops, carry genes

capsule

surrounds cell wall, helps bacteria avoid hosts immune system

pilli

helps adhesion, attachment and provides bridge in conjugation

ribosomes

protein synthesis

cytoplasm

where chemical reactions occur to create proteins, DNA, etc, transport molecules, carries ribosomes

outer membrane

gram negative bacteria, barrier against antibiotics, hosts defenses

prokaryotes

no membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, dna floats in cytoplasm, respiration on cell membrane

eukaryotes

dna is stored in nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, SER creates membrane, 10x larger, respiration in mitochondria

anaerobic methanogen (archae)

oxygen-free placed that produce methane

halophiles (archae)

salt-loving environments

thermophiles (archae)

hot, acidic enviroments

coccus

sphere shaped

bacillus

rod shaped

spirillum

spiral shaped

diplo

pair

staphylo

cluster

strepto

chain

gram positive

purple - thick cell wall (peptidoglycan)

gram negative

pink - thin cell wall (peptidoglycan)

autotrophs

make their own food using light and co2 - synthesize organic compounds

heterotrophs

breaks down organic compounds to release carbon

cyanobacteria bloom

rapid population growth

parasites

absorb nutrients from living hosts

saprobes

absorb nutrients from dead matter

aerobes

use oxygen

obligate aerobes

NEEDS oxygen

anaerobe

in oxygen-free environments

facultative aerobe

can survive with or without oxygen

binary fission

asexual reproduction, parent cell divides into 2 identical offspring cells

horizontal gene transfer (conjugation)

transfer of plasmids —> pilli creates bridge

endospores

occur in bad conditions, protective wall around DNA and Cytoplasm

pathogens

bacteria that causes diseases

toxins

deadly substances that are released in body

endotoxins

when negative gram split —> causes fever, vomitting

exotoxins

molecules released when bacteria multiplies —> tetanus

inorganic chemical

no carbon and has abiotic origin

organic chemical

any chemical that has carbon and is produced by living organisms

transformation

when cell takes DNA from environment

obligate anaerobe

cannot survive in oxygen