Resources and Development(Class 10 ncert)

Resources

Everything available in our environment that can be used to satisfy our needs, provided that they are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Territorial waters region

Upto 12 nautical miles or 22.2 km from coast

International resources

Those resources that lie outside the 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone

International resource of India

Mining of manganese nodules in the Indian Ocean

First international earth summit

Rio de Janeiro, June 1992. Leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. Endorsed global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century

Agenda 21

Signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED). Combats environmental damage, poverty and disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities

Rich in minerals and coal deposits(region)

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh

Abundant water but lacks in infrastructure

Arunachal Pradesh

Availability of solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources

Rajasthan

Rich cultural heritage but lacking in water, infrastructure and minerals

Ladakh

Resource planning steps

-> Identification and inventory of resources : Involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of resources

-> Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up

-> Matching resource development plan with overall national development plan

First to advocate resource conservation in a systemic manner

Club of Rome 1968

Gandhian philosophy was presented in and by

Small is beautiful, 1974 by Schumacher

The first report to introduce Sustainable development

Brundtland Commission Report, 1987

First book to publish the concept of Sustainable Development

Our common future

Plains in India

About 43 percent. Provides facility for agriculture and industry

Mountains in India

About 30 percent. Ensures perennial flow of rivers, offers tourism and ecological aspects

Plateau in India

About 27 percent. Possesses rich minerals, fossil fuels and forests

Gross cropped area

Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area

Total geographical area of India

3.28 million sq km

Land use data available for ______ percent

93 percent

Percentage of NSA in India including other than current fallow

54 percent

Desired percent of forest area in India and where it was outlined

33 percent and National Forest Policy 1952

NSA is over 80 percent in and less than 10 percent in(region)

Punjab, Haryana and Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, Andaman & Nicobar islands

Land degradation is caused by deforestation due to mining in

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha

Land degradation is caused by overgrazing in

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra

Land degradation is caused by over irrigation in

Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh

Limestone is grinded for. Calcite and soapstone are grinded for

Cement industry. Ceramic industry

Alluvial Soil

Most widely spread and important. Deposited by Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra

Location of alluvial soils

Entire northern plains, extend to Rajasthan and Gujarat, eastern coastal plain, deltas of Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari and Mahanadi

Piedmont plains

Duars, Chos and Terai

Bangar and Khadar

-> Old alluvial. Has higher concentration of Kanker nodules

-> New alluvial. Finer particles and more fertile

Alluvial soil contains these substances

Potash, phosphoric acid and lime

Crops grown in alluvial soil

Sugarcane, paddy, wheat, cereals and pulses

Black soil

Regur soil. Ideal for cotton and so called black cotton soil. Made up fine clayey material. Holds moisture.

Location of black soil

Deccan trap(Basalt) region, northwest deccan plateau. Covers plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, extends southeast along valleys of Godavari and Krishna

Factors for the formation of Black soil

Climatic conditions and parent rock(soil)

Substances in black soil

Calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. Poor in phosphoric content

Red and yellow soil

Develops on crystalline igneous rocks. Reddish due the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. Yellow when hydrated

Location of Red and yellow soils

Eastern and southern parts of the deccan plateau. Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of Ganga plain, piedmont zone of Western Ghats

Laterite soil

It is intensely leeched, acidic, deficient in plant nutrients. Prone to erosion and degradation

Under what climate does laterite soil develop

Develops under tropical and sub tropical climate with alternate dry and wet seasons

Location of laterite soil

Generally in the southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and north eastern regions

Tea and coffee grown in laterite soil(regions)

Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu(crops in laterite soils)

Cashew nuts grown in laterite soil(regions)

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala(crop in laterite soils)

Arid soils(characteristics and region)

Red to brown in colour, sandy and saline. Common salt can be obtained. Lacks humus and moisture. Cultivable after irrigation like in western Rajasthan

Substances in arid soil

Calcium content increases downwards, kankar in the lower horizons of the soil.

Forest soils(everything)

Found in hilly, mountainous areas. Loamy and silty in valleys, coarse in upper slopes. In Himalayas, they experience denudation, are acidic, low humus. Soil in the lower part, like in the river terraces and alluvial fans, are fertile

Bad land in Chambal basin

Ravines

Well developed terrace farming regions of India

Western and central Himalayas(soil conservation)

Current fallow

Left uncultivated for a year or less than a year

Other than current fallow

Left uncultivated for 1-5 years

Culturable waste land

Left uncultivated for more than 5 years

Stabilization of sand dunes

By growing thorny bushes and by using shelter belts

When is humus content rich in laterite soil

Where it supports deciduous and evergreen trees