History - medicine through time prevention

Church's Role

Belief in sin-free life prevents disease.

Regular Prayers

Practices to ensure forgiveness of minor sins.

Diet Importance

Food intake affects humours and health.

Overeating Consequences

Excessive food linked to kings' deaths.

Purging Practices

Vomiting or laxatives used to prevent disease.

Miasma Theory

Belief that bad air causes disease.

Air Purification

Sweet herbs spread to cleanse the air.

Pomade

Jewelry containing herbs to ward off miasma.

Regimen Sanitatis

Set of health instructions from physicians.

Moderate Exercise

Recommended to maintain good health.

Sleep Guidelines

Adequate sleep is essential, but not excessive.

Stress Avoidance

Reducing stress prevents disease.

Bathing Significance

Cleanliness believed to prevent miasma.

Public Baths

Affordable bathing options for the poor.

Hand Washing

Common practice before and after meals.

Home Cleanliness

Keeping homes fresh to avoid miasma.

Renaissance Moderation

Practicing moderation to avoid diseases.

Constitution at Birth

Birth condition linked to adult health.

Street Cleaning Laws

Fines imposed for unclean streets.

Sewage Removal

Punishment for minor criminals included cleaning.

Local Government Actions

Measures taken to improve public health.

Miasma Removal Projects

Efforts to drain swamps and clean streets.

Inoculation

Deliberate infection to prevent severe disease later.

Smallpox

A deadly disease causing widespread epidemics in Britain.

Lady Mary Montagu

Introduced inoculation to the UK from Turkey.

Edward Jenner

Pioneer of vaccination against smallpox.

Vaccination

Inoculation with cowpox to prevent smallpox.

Cowpox

Mild disease protecting against smallpox infection.

James Phipps

First person vaccinated by Edward Jenner.

An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccinae

Jenner's publication detailing vaccination findings.

Royal Society

Refused to publish Jenner's work due to lack of proof.

Anti-Jenner propaganda

Negative media against vaccination efforts.

World Health Organisation (WHO)

Declared smallpox eradicated in 1979.

Cancer Research UK

Campaigns to reduce obesity and cancer cases.

Obesity and cancer link

Obesity identified as a significant cancer risk factor.

Public awareness campaigns

Efforts to inform about health risks and prevention.

Childhood obesity policies

Government initiatives aimed at reducing obesity rates.

1942 vaccination campaign

First national campaign against Diphtheria launched.

Epidemics in London

11 smallpox outbreaks recorded in the 18th century.

3548 deaths in 1796

Worst smallpox epidemic death toll in Britain.

Inoculators

Practitioners who performed early inoculation methods.

Diphtheria

Bacterial infection targeted by modern vaccination efforts.

Public health responsibility

Charities' duty to inform and educate on health risks.

Campaign success

Awareness of obesity-cancer link rose from 15% to 43%.

Long-term impact

Jenner's work led to the eradication of smallpox.

Diphtheria

A bacterial infection causing severe respiratory issues.

Vaccination Campaign

Government initiative to immunize populations against diseases.

Polio

Contagious disease leading to paralysis, especially in children.

Jonas Salk

Developer of the polio vaccine introduced in 1956.

HPV Vaccine

Protects against cervical cancer-linked sexually transmitted infections.

Clean Air Acts

Laws aimed at reducing air pollution in the UK.

Smog

Heavy fog caused by air pollution, particularly from coal.

Ultra Low Emissions Vehicles

Vehicles designed to produce minimal harmful emissions.

Heart Disease Prevention

Reducing air pollution could prevent 50,000 heart disease cases.

Lifestyle Campaigns

Government initiatives promoting healthier living to prevent diseases.

Stopober

Campaign encouraging people to stop smoking for a month.

Change4life Campaign

Initiative promoting healthy eating and increased physical activity.

Preventable Deaths

Deaths that could be avoided through healthier lifestyle choices.

Hospital Admissions

485,000 yearly admissions linked to smoking-related health issues.

Andreas Vesalius

Famous anatomist known for detailed human body studies.

Six Anatomical Tables

Vesalius's publication illustrating human anatomy in multiple languages.

Government Intervention

Actions taken by the government to improve public health.

Controversy Surrounding Vaccines

Public distrust leading to vaccine hesitancy and refusal.

Epidemic Prevention

Vaccination is crucial for preventing widespread disease outbreaks.

Air Quality Plans

Local strategies developed to improve air quality.

Emission Reduction Plan

£3.5 billion initiative to lower road transport emissions.

Health Inequalities

Disparities in health outcomes among different population groups.

Cervical Cancer

Cancer linked to HPV infections, preventable by vaccination.

Vesalius

Anatomist known for human dissection studies.

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Vesalius's influential book on human anatomy.

Dissections

Surgical removal of body tissues for study.

Renaissance Artists

Sought anatomical knowledge for accurate human depiction.

Galen's Errors

Mistakes in anatomy due to animal dissections.

Human Jaw

Vesalius corrected it as a single bone.

Vena Cava

Vein leading from heart, not to liver.

Rib Count

Men and women have equal rib pairs.

Human Liver

Vesalius found it has two lobes, not five.

Breastbone Structure

Vesalius corrected it to three parts.

Anatomy Professors

Encouraged to perform dissections for teaching.

Foundation of Anatomy

Vesalius inspired detailed anatomical investigations.

Harvey

Physiologist known for blood circulation studies.

Blood Flow

Harvey proved it only flows towards the heart.

Galen's Blood Theory

Claimed blood produced in liver from food.

Blood Production

Harvey calculated liver would need 1800 liters daily.

Mechanical Pumps

Inspired Harvey's analogy of body circulation.

Anatomical Account for the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animal

Harvey's book on heart and blood motion.

Modern Physiology

Harvey's work considered a starting point.

Experimental Approach

Harvey encouraged scientists to study real bodies.

Blood Circulation

Harvey established it, challenging previous beliefs.

Limited Practical Use

Harvey's findings had little immediate medical application.

Criticism of Harvey

Many doctors resisted his revolutionary ideas.

Textbook Dominance

Galen's teachings prevailed until 1651.