MICROBIO 5.7

STI's

Gonohrrhea

Infection caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae gram status

negative

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae shape

Dipplococcus (Two circles conjoined)

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae oxidase status

positive

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae requirements

Fastidious; grows best on CHOC

Gonorrhea portal of entry

Genitals, rectum, throat

Half of gonorrhea patients are in their ____s.

20s

Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factors

• Pili (protein filament appendages) for adhesion to host

• Ciliated (can move to deeper tissue)

• Intracellular (enter and live in host cells to avoid immune system)

• Bacterial capsules (also evade immune system)

Gonorrhea diagnosis

• culturing

• NAAT (nucleic acid amplification testing) on urine or endocervical samples

  • makes millions of copies of DNA or RNA

Gonorrhea treatment

antibiotics (e.g. ceftriaxone)

Gonorrhea male symptoms

• asymptomatic

• painful urination

• urethral discharge

Gonorrhea female symptoms

• asymptomatic (50%)

• painful urination

• increased vaginal discharge

• bleeding/spotting between periods or after sex

*female more likely to get gonorrhea

Gonorrhea complications

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)

• bacteria HITCH HIKE on sperm —> make it to fallopian tubes —> inflammation of fallopian tubes & ovaries, abscesses (painful pocket of pus) on tubes, tissue damage, scarring —> chronic pelvic pain and ectopic pregnancy and infertility

infertility

Ectopic pregnancy

When egg fertilized and implanted outside of the uterus, usually in fallopian tube

Gonorrhea in neonates

• affected when traveling through infected birth canal

• can cause eye infection, arthritis, meningitis, sepsis

• given prophylactic antibiotic

Syphilis

Infection caused by Treponema Pallidum

Treponema Palldium gram status

negative

Treponema Pallidum shape

spirochete

Trepenoma Palldium observation requirement

Dark field microscopy

Syphilis treatment

Penicillin

Syphilis initial symptoms

• fever

• headache

• sores

• rash

very vague symptoms

First stage of syphilis

AKA Primary stage

• sores (chancre) develop at initial infection site

• invades CNS (central nervous system)

• lasts 3-6 wks

Second stage of syphilis

AKA Secondary stage

• disseminated (spread widely) red/brown rash

• may have fever, headache, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes

• can last 3 months

Third stage of syphilis

AKA Latent stage

• symptoms DISAPPEAR!

• can last 30 years

Fourth stage of syphilis

AKA Late (tertiary) stage

• gumma lesions (necrotic center) on skin and bones

• organ damage

• neurological symptoms

Syphilis complications

• paralysis

• blindness

• decreased muscle coordination

• dementia

• heart failure

• death

Chlamydia

Infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis gram status

negative

Chlamydia Trachomatis motility

non motile

Chlamydia Trachomatis shape

bacillus

Chlamydia Trachomatis identity

Obligate parasite!

• replicates INSIDE cell

• canNOT be cultured in agar; cultured only in viable cells

Life cycle of chlamydia trachomatis

1. infection of epithelial cell from respiratory tract occurs by elementary body

2. bacteria gets phagocytized by host cell due to membrane with lipopoly saccharide

3. when in host cell, elementary body turns into reticulate body

4. reticulate body REPLICATES

5. reticulate body reverts back into elementary

6. elementary bodies lyse out of host cell

Elementary body

Infective but dormant state of chlamydia trachomatis

Reticulate body

Non infectious but highly metabolically active state of chlamydia trachomatis

____% of those diagnosed are ___ to ___.

65% are 15-24.

Chlamydia symptoms

Similar to gonorrhea:

• painful urination

• purulent (pus) discharge

• male: testicular pain (10% asymp)

• female: abdominal pain (5-30% asymp)

Chlamydia diagnosis

• NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test)

• endocervical swab/cultures

Chlamydia treatment

antibiotics (e.g. doxycycline, azithromycin)

Candidiasis

Common fungal infection of body, typically due to overgrowth of Candida albicans (a type of yeast)

Why does overgrowth of Candida albicans (yeast) happen?

Usually due to drug therapy, which messes with normal body flora or immune system

Can occur as result of HIV/AIDS, diabetes, pregnancy

Two common examples of candidiasis

Vaginal yeast infection, oral thrush (mouth)

Candidiasis diagnosis

Wet prep (vaginal discharge) or culturing

Candidiasis prevention

• taking PRESCRIBED antibiotics and corticosteroids only

• cotton underwear

• good oral health