Intro to Zoology

Cladogram

Chart that shows relationships between organisms.

Hollow dorsal nerve

space for spinal cord

Segmented Body

serial repetition of organs or body parts

Notochord

stiffened rod under dorsal nerve found in all chordates

Pharyngeal Gill Slits

used by embryo for gas exchange become Eustachian tube in adults

Post anal tail

in human tucked in as tailbone

Class Agnathan

jawless fish

Class Chondrichthyes

shark

Class Osteichthyes

bony fish

Class Amphibia

frogs

Class Reptilia

crocodiles

Class Aves

birds

Class Mammalia

nurse young

Subphylum Vertebrata

animal group with a backbone

Invertebrates

organisms without a backbone

Asymmetry

absence of a central point around which body parts are organized

Radial Symmetry

body plan that can be cut into a pizza

Bilateral Symmetry

body plan that when cut dorsoventrally is a mirror image

Anterior

front of animal

Posterior

back of animal

Dorsal

upper side

Ventral

underside

Cephalization

Concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end of organism

Triploblastic

tissues are derived from 3 embryological layers (body plan - tube within a tube)

Diploblastic

simplest

Paleontology

study of fossils

homologous structures

structures derived from common ancestry (Forearm/hand)

analogous structures

structures that develop in similar environments

Vestigial Structures

structures retained in an organism

Microevolution

small scale changes in frequency of alleles in populations over time

Macroevolution

large-scale changes that result in extinction and formation of new species

Comparative Embryology

a way of looking at embryonic development to show relationships between organisms

Comparative Biochemistry

using cytochrome c (amino acid) sequence to show relationships between organisms

Genetic drift

chance events influence the frequencies of genes in a population

Founder Effect

few individuals from parental population colonize new habitat

Bottleneck Effect

severe decrease in numbers

Gene Flow

migration of individuals changes gene frequency

Mutation Pressure

measure of the tendency for gene frequencies to change through mutation

Selection Pressure

some phenotypes are more successful at leaving offspring than others (i.e. different pressures help some phenotypes survive and reproduce than others)

directional selection

occurs when individuals at one phenotypic extreme are at a disadvantage compared to others (European Peppermoth)

disruptive selection

produces distinct sub-populations (snails white/brown on sand or rock)

stabilizing selection

both phenotypic extremes are deleterious (horseshoe crab

Allopatric speciation

subpopulations become geographically isolated from one another and evolve different traits in response to differing environments

Adaptive radiation (peripatric)

occurs when a number of new forms diverge from an ancestral form

Parapatric speciation

demes (small

Sympatric speciation

occurs within a single population

Gradualism

Darwin

Punctuated Equilibrium

long periods of stability interrupted by brief periods of change

Species

organisms that reproduce and produce live

Maturation

improvement in the performance of the behavior pattern as parts of the nervous system and other structures complete development

Instinct

what you can do or know to do from birth

Learn

something you are taught by explanation

Imprinting

young animals develop an attachment toward another animal or object as parent (don't get lost in herd/flock)

Habitual

do it so often

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov's dogs

Instrumental Conditioning

trial and error

Latent Learning

exploratory learning

Insight Learning

animal uses cognitive or mental processes to associate experiences and solve problems (monkey/bananas on ceiling)

Nervous system

body system for quick responses

Endocrine system

body system for slower responses

specialists

very specific needs (koala bear)

generalists

can adapt more easily to the environment (raccoon)

Agnostic Behavior

animal is aggressive towards another to protect territory(hippopotamus)

Dominance Hierarchy

some have more than others

Altruism

individual sacrifices for the benefit of another (honeybees)