Psych 3 exammm

Classical conditioning

learning predictable signals. PREDICTTT.

unconditioned stimulus

Any stimulus that naturally elicits a behavior (E.g., food)

unconditioned response

The behavior elicited by the UCS (E.g., salivation)

Conditioned stimulus

A neutral stimulus that is able to elicit behavior only after association with the UCS (E.g., bell tone)

Conditioned response

The behavior elicited by the CS (E.g., salivation)

Pavlov’s experiment

the dog salivating at he ring tone

Acquisition (stages fo learning)

The initial stage in classical conditioning. during which the association between a neutral stimulus and a US is established.

Time between the two stimuli should be? very brief (half a second for pavlovs study)

Extinction

in pavlo, when the food is not given after the tone/ bell, salivating starts decreasing and at some point goes extinct

Spontaneous recovery

After a rest period an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers and if CS (tone) persists alone becomes extinct again

Stimulus discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli (like using different bells for the dogs)

Stimulus generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS. (weaker response)

Classical conditioning in life

ex, food poisoning, will make you not eat that food again and/or avoid it

Operant conditioning

the rat thing (learning about consequences) REWARD and PUNISHMENT

Skinner box

rat in a box, clicks on button when light is gree, if the button is clicked and the light is red, the rat will be shocked

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to reward a desirable outcome.

negative reinforcement

removing an aversive stimulus to reward a desirable outcome. (usually have the word stop in them)

primary reinforcement

secondary reinforcement

immediate reinforcement

reward right away

delay reinforcement

dosen’t work on animals. ability to control impulses

reinforcement

desirable consequence to induce desirable behaviors

Punishment

undesirable consequence to the subject

reinforcement schedule (continuous vs. intermittent reinforcement)

observational learning

(how its unique to humans) the power of modeling

Banduras bobo doll study

kids see adults beat up bobo doll, kids do the same

thinking

COGNITION, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating.

trial and error (problem-solving strategies)

Solving a problem through trying different strategy, learning from errors and eventually being successful

algorithm (problem-solving strategies)

very time consuming, EXHUAST ALL POSIBILITIES before arriving at a solution

representative heuristics

To decide whether a person or an event belongs to a certain category by comparing the person/event to the prototypical ones in that category (ex, if they wear glasses and like math they are a nerd)

availability heuristic

a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

insight (problem-solving strategies)

involves a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem. Humans and animals have insight (ah-ah moment)

confirmation bias

police shooting of unarmed suspect

fixation

not seeing problems form a fresh point of view

framing

when saying “80% will survive” vs “20% will die”

phoneme

bat, has three phonemes b · a · t

morpheme

Watermelons = water. melon. S or Milk = Milk

word, phrase, sentence

one unit, two or more units, composing of many words.

Semantics

tells us that adding -ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.

Syntax

adjuctivs come before mouns; white house vs in Spanish its casa blanca

Broca’s area

A region of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere of the brain needed to produce speech

Wernicke’s area

understand language and to produce meaningful sentences

Babbling

(4 months) goo goo ga ga

One word

(1 year) doogy= look at the dog out there

Two words

(~2 years) go car! = I would like to go for a ride in the car

Longer phrase

(3-4 year) children start forming more complex sentences (e.g., "I want to play outside").

Linguistic determinism

The theory that language influences thought, suggesting that speakers of different languages may perceive the world differently.

Contemporary theory on intelligence

intelligence is divided into distinct categories (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, etc.).

what can we learn about intelligent from savant syndrome? individuals with cognitive disabilities may have exceptional abilities in one area, unrelated to general intelligence

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

Intelegence tests

WAIS (how much do you know type shi), IQ,

Flynn effect

rise in intelligence over the years

circadian rhythms

our biological clock, most sensitive to sunlight but can be altered by blue light from phones

Pre-sleep

awake, brain activity slow down, Alph awaves (9-14 cps)

light stages (1&2)

slow regular waves Thera waves (5-8 cps)

deep sleep (3&4)

large amplitude, Delta waves (1.5-4 cps)

REM sleep

low amplitude, beta waves (15-40 cps)

sleep paralysis

Sometimes the immobility during REM sleep may linger after you wake up

90 minute sleep cycle for adults

With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 deep sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep

Alchohol

deprassant drugs, known as ethanol, the oldest recreational drug in human history. can penetrate the blood brain barrier and lead to long term damage on memory and the body

bstbituate (tranquilizer)

deprasant drugs, depress the activity of the central nervous system. Used to be used widely in sleep aids and anti anxiety drugs

opiate

deprasant drug, found in poppy plants, depress neural activity, pain killer. highly addictive

caffeine and nicotine

stimulant drug, world most consumed psychoactive drug, provide energy, can be highly addictive and toxic to the body

Cocain

stimulant drug, powerful stimulant from coca plant. initially used as a LOCAL ANESTHETIC for eye and throat surgery. works by quickly depleting the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine (high) and it’s followed by crashing depression when the drug effect wears off. crack is more addictive

ecstasy

stimulant drug,produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, can deflate mood and impair of memory

amphetamine

stimulant drug, increase wakefulness, improves cognitive control, decrease reaction time, FATIGUE RESISTANT, commonly used in treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and obisity. Abused by athletes

methamphetamine

stimulant drug, the scarist with a life span of 5 months (or years idk I forgot) after using it. NEVER prescribed medically. Addicts to this lose their teeth. extremely addictive

LSD

hallucinogen, powerful hallucinogenic drug also used as acid

THC

hallucinogen, major active ingredient in marijuana, MOST BOUGHT AMONG WEED BUYRS

Marijuana

CBD; non-psychoactive pain reliever, THC; psychoactive hallucinogen (hallucinogen). non fatal, THC has a long term negetice effect,